The Mystery of Pearl in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay -- Scarle

The Mystery of os in Hawthornes The Scarlet LetterAmong some nuances present in the novel, The Scarlet Letter, is the mystery of bone. This mystery is never very in the real person of Pearl, but in the child she appears to be. At times, the townspeople and even Pearls mother, herself, call Pearl the demon-child, a fiend, and a twistr. Hester feels Pearls purpose on earth is to torture her but at the same time to be her joy. In reality, Pearl is a normal child, except for the fact that she is somewhat sealed attain from the rest of the military man. In the novel, Hawthorne makes it appear that Pearl is possibly an abnormal child. Chapter sixer is where he first discusses the child. In the sixth paragraph of that chapter, Hawthorne writes, Pearl was a born outcast of the infantile world. An imp of evil, emblem and product of sin, she had no right among christened infants. Early on we see this powerful statement, which is supported by the rest of the novel. In chapter seven when Hester and Pearl are visiting the regulators mansion, Hawthorne writes, Pearl, in utter scorn of her mothers flack to quiet her, gave an eldritch scream, because the quick and mobile curiosity of her disposition was unhinged by the appearance of those new personages. This action of Pearls force out hardly be seen as normal. Few children scream when meeting people, although many are a bit shy and stay close to their parents. one explanation, though, for this is that Pearl is non used to being around people. She had been shut send off from the rest of the world because of her mothers sin and doesnt accredit that screaming around strangers isnt normal. Pearls strange actions in various situations, such as at the governors mansion, is non the only t... ...rthy to have been left there, to be the plaything of the angels, after the worlds first parents were driven out. The child had a native tenderness which does not invariably coexist with faultless beauty its attire, however s imple, incessantly impressed the beholder as if it were the very garb that precisely became it best. Although Pearl appears to be a demon-child, she bathroomnot actually be a demon-child and be precious of coming forth from Eden at the same time. Pearl can either be a normal child, or an abnormal one, not both. The mystery of Pearl is never in what she actually is because the people in the story are so caught up with Hesters sin that they proportion the normal actions of a child to a devilish spirit. Had Hester been married to Arthur and disposed birth to the child, Pearl would have been seen by the people as the beautiful, innocent, and unmated girl she was.

English As A Second Language Education Essay examples -- Educational M

English As A Second Language schooling When the English as a second speech communication learner (ESL) or the English lyric learner (ELL) students have achieved English proficiency, it helps students to develop their dread of mathematics. Students then effectively use numerical tools, charts, patterns and other strategies, as surface as their prior teaching experiences to make connections to solve related problems. The bulk are adapted to transfer their manipulative exploration to solving problems with pencil and paper. Students use multiple solutions and strategies when they solve problems. They express their mathematical thinking through and through drawing, writing, and speaking. Students socialize their intelligence through playing games and taking part in opportunities for team or pair work, when they explain their thinking. Upper grade students ofttimes find it difficult to discuss or write in mathematical terms, even after they have been given multiple opportunities to investigate.In align to make schematic connections, instruction must be meaningful (in a language students can understand) and relevant (relating to students prior knowledge). Meaningful contains native language or sheltered English. Relevant contains culturally and/or experientially familiar. English language development that is integrated with developing knowledge about, for example, American school flavor and procedures, is usually a more effective way of proceeding than evidently focusing on English language (Duff, 2001). The activities, tasks, and problems that students encounter should be neighborly to students with a wide range of knowledge and skills. That is, students with diverse backgrounds should be able to understand what is required, make meaningful ... ...erse Students.http//www.sofweb.vic.edu.au/lem/esl/evce.html.Lass, M. J. (1988). Suggestions from research for improving mathematics instruction forbilinguals. School Science and Mathematics, 88, 480-486.McKe on, Denise & Samway, Katharine. (1999). Myths and Realities Best practice forlanguage nonage students. Heinemann.Perkins, Cathy. Equity in mathematics assessment for English as a second languagestudents. The University of Georgia. Summer 1995.http//jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT705/EMT705.Perkins.html.Raborn, Diane. Bilingual Education Journal. Mathematics for students with learning disabilities from language-minority backgrounds recommendations for teaching. NY, V10, pp. 25-33. Summer 1995.Seceda,Walter G. Teaching mathematics for understanding to bilingual students.http//www.ncela.gwu.edu/pathways/immigration/mathematics.htm.

Comparison And Contrast Of Lit Essay -- essays research papers

The view point of an author can be determined easily by comparing works of the same elementary plots and characters. Also by contrasting the same two works is equally as important. & angstrom unit8220Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault and Angela Carter& adenosine monophosphate8217s & axerophthol8220The Company of Wolves are perfect ex angstromles. The writer& adenosine monophosphate8217s purpose, characterization, and readability shows one of many ways of pinpointing the author&8217s bias.     Clearly Carter and Perrault show a bias with the characters in their stories. Carter&8217s main character being a female whom is clever, strong, and an in-depth brain who is always thinking ahead. This shows that the author was probably writing during the women&8217s movement, where women began entering the work place and becoming more than mere objects or at home mothers. On the other hand Perrault&8217s view of a young innocent child, shows with the outcome that one should take in their lesson from this story. This was typical prior to the modern age when stories were lessons learned. There were religious implications far-famed in Carter&8217s work where Perrault did not. For example &8220she is garbed and ready and it is Christmas Eve, (820) and another example &8220you must run as if the Devil is after you.(820) Yet another phrase that relates to the Devil states, &8220They say there&8217s an ointment the Devil gives you that turns you into a wolf t...

Crucible VS. McCarthyism

The main difference between McCarthyism and the crucible is that McCarthyism was a real political period in the United States when Senator McCarthy tried to become flat people that communism was leaking into our government but as for the crucible it was a group of people that was just incriminate other people of fascinatecraft. darn the capital of Oregon witch trials occurred in the late 1600s, a similar infelicitous situation occurred in the 1950s with McCarthyism. The capital of Oregon witch trials shared numerous common characteristics.The similarities include continuous accusations, leading politicians, and the reaction to witchcraft and communism. The Salem witch trials and McCarthyism both involved ongoing accusations that led to numerous transparent people being billd and prosecuted. In The Crucible, local people accuse women and men in Salem of witchcraft. When the teenage girls first accuse Tituba, the high-flowns housekeeper, a chain of accusations begin. To avoid death, Tituba charge others in the townsfolk causing each of the accused to place blame on others.The Crucible is a metaphor for the accusations made in the 1950s during the McCarthyism era. Senator Joseph McCarthy led the series of allegations with a list of people he felt were related in some manner to communism. The list that was made grew as more people accused others for individualised revenge. These continuous accusations went on until the original list of over 200 grew to around 10,000. The accusations would not have led to any consequences without a leader to superintend the proceedings. Both the Salem witch trials and McCarthyism had instigators who fueled the furiousness.The Crucibles hear supervising the trials of those charged of witchcraft. He not only supervised the trials, he set the punishments for those convicted of witchcraft. It was the judge who decided who was to get what punishment although all accused were detached. The modern Judge Daniforth is Sen ator Joseph McCarthy who watched over the 1950s McCarthyism era. During the McCarthyism era, Senator McCarthy oversaw the proceedings and created the House disloyal Committee. Senator McCarthy directed the questioning to all those accused of association with communism.The Salem witch trials and McCarthyism pretty much go hand in hand. During the witch trials e genuinelybody started accusing everybody else of witchcraft. During the McCarthyism era, Senator McCarthy started accusing people of being communists. Senator McCarthy also made up approximately of the statements he said about the supposed communists. Senator McCarthy is a guy that was cognise for lying and never telling the truth. A lot of people were execute and basically everyone was killed. They both had leading causing public hysteria against the accused. and then people realized that there was no proof.Also people that were accused had no say if they were guilty weather they were or not. The similarities begin with a destination of panic. Both instances are characterized by this. The Salem Witch Trials were the result of a concerted effort to find witches brought on by panic. The same was adjust for Senator McCarthy in the Senate. He was on a mission to find communists and rallied a panicked public around him. The hysteria in Salam led to umteen people being accused of witchcraft and hanged. McCarthyism was fueled by hysteria because people accused others of being Communists. Both were fueled by paranoia and chew hysteria.The McCarthy Hearings were referred to as witch hunts because of their similarity to the Salem witch trials. They both enamored fear in the people due to the guilty until you aver military position which controlled the courts. In Salem the only way to escape death was to confess and repent in the McCarthy hearings if you were accused, whether guilty or not, you would always be viewed as a Communist. McCarthy also relates to Abigail in The Crucible, because they both ma de false accusations against innocent people. McCarthy accused people of being communists, whereas Abigail accused people of using witchcraft.Of course, the events were very different in results and reasons, but the main idea of seeking and hunt down the people who represent different ideals is the same. In both cases, the leaders were looking for people to blame their own fears and lack of certainty on. It was with the Salem witch trials that people from one side of town were accused of being witches, not because they had done anything related to witchcraft, but because they or their families occupied valuable land that the accusers or their masters or friends were seeking to purchase at low prices.By associating the land with witchcraft, the value of the property was greatly decreased. If the woman was name guilty of witchcraft, they and their families could be stripped of their property making it easier to be acquired by those seeking to own it. Senator McCarthy managed to for m a senate commission to investigate the spread of communism in the USA, putting particular focus and emphasis on the entertainment intentness. This effectively ended their ability to perform or advance a living under their own names, as they were blacklisted by the industry to assuage McCarthys perceived political masters.

History of Psychology Essay

I decl ar that this assignment is my have got work and has not been submitted in both(prenominal) form for an separate unit, story or diploma at any university or other shew of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been adjudge in the text and a list of references is given. I warrant that any disks and/or computer files submitted as part of this assignment have been analyze for viruses and reported clean.Student sig constitution __________________________Date __________________________AbstractThis paper aims to decode and analyze the historical development of the native nature of righteousness, the sources and receptions towards the theory. The implications of the theory of immanent uprightness ar vast since a position on the nature of virtue permeates unmatcheds soulfulnessal purport goals and purposes, cognition, and morality of person and hence also affects interrogation methodological analysis and psychothe rapy.Subjectivism digestes on individuals thoughts and feelings as well up as the proposition that familiarity of humanss discharge never be separated from the apprehender. This literature re take in covers the cosmea of rectitude as universe inbred during the time of the early Greek philosophers, present within Hellenic and Roman psychological science and persisting within romantic and existential doctrine, humanist psychology and the courtes of the postmoderns in the mid-1960s.Keywords personal the true, narration, postmodernismThe Subjective Nature Of Truth A Historical DevelopmentThe constant tension of whether equity is objective or ingrained has long since existed end-to-end history and continues to pervade in on-line(prenominal) initiates of psychotherapies. Science versus Humanism is the term Conway (1992) gives to the philosophic dimension along which the determine central the theories of psychologists dissent. A scientific climb to psychology is based on the epistemological tradition of objectivism. Mahoney (1989) summarizes objectivism as beliefs that an objective and separate real humanity lies beyond the organism, individual of perception and that valid knowledge is ultimately rendered from our sensory(prenominal) experiences, and can be totally separated from the knower (Mahoney, 1989 as cited in Conway, 1992).In contrast, the human-centered approach to psychology is based on the epistemological tradition of subjectivism which snapes on thoughts and feelings. Further more(prenominal)(prenominal), knowledge of humans can never be separated from the knower (Conway, 1992). receivable to different theories on the nature of truth, methodology for observing consciousness and the role of familiar experience differ. The human attainment approach to psychology seeks to explain behavior in terms of a persons subjective existence (Kendler, 2005). Humanistic psychology and philosophical phenomenology atomic number 18 t wo schools of thought that employ the human science recital of psychology (Kendler, 2005). The implications of the theory of the relativity of truth is seen in the individuals ad hominem life goals, purpose of life, cognitive styles, morality, ethics, counseling goals, research methodology and conceptualization of definitions.Due to the great rele cutting edgece of the depicted object to psychology, this essay traces and analyzes the historical development of the subjective nature of truth, the sources and reactions towards the theory. Early Greek Philosophers and Hellenistic and Roman Psychology The casuists were a group of philosophers who believed that nothing is inherently right or wrong entirely that believing something is right makes it right and vice versa (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 41). Protagoras (485-420 B.C.) was the near popular Sophist who proposed that man is the measure of all things, meaning that man determines whether something is avowedly or untrue and hence, trut h depends on the perceiver not physical humans (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 41).The context of this perspective of the nature of truth is that Protagoras lived in the Periclean democracy where skills for good communication were blue-chip to own especially in the political study (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 42) where some beliefs were more advantageous to utilitarian harmony than others. Hence, Protagoras was primarily provoke in teaching effective argumentation to demonstrate the practicality of the relativity of truth. Socrates (470-399 B.C.) disagreed with the Sophists get that no truth exists beyond personal opinion. In the second coke A.D., a school of thought named Skepticism set aheadd suspension of judgment and preferred to say This is how things appear to me rather than to claim having arrived at irrevocable truth (Hergenhahn, 2009).They were of the view that dogmatists constantly fought amongst themselves and were always agitated unlike the Skeptics who sought a life of peace and lived by two primary guides appearances (sensations and feelings) and sum of moneyy assembly (Hergenhahn, 2009). Displaying a similarity with the Sophists and the Skeptics, the Cynics such as Diogenes (412-323) advocated individualism and that true comfort depended on self-sufficiency and living a life that was natural, rejecting any geek of control, be it bodily or social control. The makeup of sorrowful aside from absolute truth and towards a relativistic conception of truth, individual feelings, opinions, social convention or whatever truth brings gain (e.g., political posture or living peaceably with others) will manifest itself again throughout history.Instrumental theory of truth Profitability as criteria for truth William mob (1842-1910) was of the view that ideas become true as long as they military service people satisfactorily relate with other parts of ones experience (De Waal, 2005, p. 43). crowd proposes that it is far from essential for our thoughts, belie fs or in other words, conceptions of truth, to copy universe. Hence, he opposes the singularity of truth and posits that multiple, though different beliefs atomic number 18 acceptable. In contrast, on that point can only be one truth for the empiricists and the rationalists since truth is the perfect copy of reality (De Waal, 2005, p. 47).Based on practical principles, James proposes that any hypothesis cannot be rejected if there are useful results that come from it. Pragmatism is hence a principle that views any truth as true as long as it profits. In other words, the pragmatists notion of truth is that beliefs originating from within ones self hardly does not copy anything without the believer will til now count as true when these lead people to directions that are worthy (De Waal, 2005, p. 50).The theme of moving away from a singular truth independent of the knower and towards whichever concept, idea or belief brings profit is a exercise seen even during the Early Greek Philosophers and Hellenistic and Roman Psychology. A profit- concentrate approach to handling truth, as proposed by the pragmatists, will strongly permeate and an underlying principle in future philosophies and approaches to psychology such as romanticism, existentialism, humanistic and postmodern psychology.Romantic and existential school of thought Feelings, human choice and libertyIn the late 18th century, an artistic and intellectual action named romance rebelled against Enlightenment rationality that overemphasized linear and the investigation of causes by trying to fetch feelings and intuition to rationality (Schneider, 1998). Romanticism emphasized the wholeness of experience via unsaid processes such as affect, intuition, kinesthesia, imagination as well as the descriptions of these processes (Schneider, 1998). Rousseau was of the view that facts of history were of less importance than what values can be larn from them and that history should be considered as a collec tion of fables (Rousseau, 1762 as cited in Robinson, 2008).This type of thinking is seen again in Postmodernist thinking later on in history although to Rousseau, historical facts were not subjective but unknowable because of human error and interpretation. In psychology, romanticism is manifested in orientations of existential-humanistic, hermeneutical, narrative, and transpersonal psychologies (Schneider, 1998). Carl Rogers of the school of humanistic psychology, whose thoughts will be further explored later on in this paper, has much similarity with the romantics since experience is Rogers highest authority and makes decisions based on what feels dialect mine right, valuable or worth doing (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 593). Like romanticism, existentialism stresses subjective experience.The existentialists (18th and 19th centuries) pass on us humans to consider the meaning of living truly, in ones own personal way (Oaklander, 1992). If one chooses freely, one chooses authentically an d leads an authentic life. Since there are no objective values for the existentialist, it depends more on how one chooses rather than what their choice is. An existential philosopher, Kierkegaard proposed that each persons life individually has its own self-determined meaning. Subjectivity is truth, that is, the persons beliefs mold that persons reality (Oaklander, 1992, p. 577).Though the existentialist philosophers differ in their views in a few typefaces of their thinking, one common theme is the emphasis on human freedom and choice and the related shibboleth of Sartre that existence precedes essence which means that humans have no prepackaged nature or essence but that we are is what we choose to be (Oaklander, 1992). In other words, subjectivity must be the starting foretell (Oaklander, 1992). Sartre also says that Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Such is the commencement ceremony principle of existentialism. It is also what is called subjectivity Influen ced by existential philosophy, a fall guy of contemporary psychology which has the key concepts of freedom, individuality, authenticity and responsibility emerged called existential psychology (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 574).The man who is generally considered to be the bridge between existential philosophy and existential psychology is Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) who is of the view that there is no ultimate truth but emphasizes interpretation and that there is no real meaning rat a phenomenon (Daitz, 2011). He proposed that humans choose nature of their own existence and it is worthy of notice that Heidegger chose to be committed to Nazism (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 574).The theme of moving away from a singular truth independent of the knower and towards personal truth as self-defined by individuals as well as the pitiful consequence of individuals freely choosing what they think is right or desirable which may conflict with what society views as desirable. This will manifest itself ag ain with dainty differences in humanistic and postmodern psychology.Humanistic psychology An application of subjective truthIn the early 1960s, humanistic psychology, a new human science that would study humans as aware, choosing and ablaze macrocosms, appeared in reaction to traditional scientific approaches to psychology (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 571). contrasted the two existing schools of psychology, behavioristic psychology and psychoanalysis, which assume determinism in explaining human behavior, humanistic psychology assumes humans are free to choose their own existence and that subjective reality is the most important cause of behavior (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 571). A basic tenet of humanistic psychology is that subjective reality is the primary guide for human behavior (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 586).Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was of the view that humanistic science should allow the individual to be freer and more inner determined (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 586). What he deemed as self- actualization is what humans achieve when they are true to their own nature (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 587). Carl Rogers (1902-1987) also proposed that a person who is apt(predicate) to live a fulfilling life is motivated by his true inner feelings instead of beliefs, traditions and values imposed by others outside the individual (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 593).Rogers started the movement of Person-Centered therapy which stress an essential trust in the experiential humans of the lymph gland and stress three conditions to promote the clients growth congruence (genuineness on the healer part), true empathy, monotonous positive regard. A terminus ad quem that Owen (1999) notes in his analysis of both psychoanalysis and person-centred therapy is the conflict for the person-centred therapist to both communicate unconditional positive regard as well as congruence with a negative feeling more or less a client. In other words, prizing the client and also at the same time, being skillful wi th personal feelings towards client.This poses a question of what a therapist should rightly do when being honest also means being non-empathic and withholding unconditional positive regard from the client. This puzzle of congruency undeniably stems from the theory of truth and its subjective nature since what the therapist believes to be true and what the client believes to be true are both equally true if the assumption is that the individual self-defines truth. Postmodernism approaches present-day(a) development of the theory of truth Modernists believe in objective reality that exists independent of any attempt to observe it whereas postmodernists believe in subjective realities that do not exist independent of observational processes (Corey, 2005).Postmodernism is similar to the romantics, existentialists, the Sophists, and Skeptics and aspects of James psychology in that there multiple truths and these vary with individual experience, so paving the way for postmodernism. Ac cording to Schneider (1998), the postmodernist were different from the romantics in that postmodernists promote a relativistic chaos when this conflicted with the sensibility of Romanticism (Schneider, 1998). The Romantics assumed knowledge as determinate and argued for the universality of autonomous experience while postmodernism assumes it as indeterminate and relativistic, thus fragmenting knowledge and experience (Webb, 2006).Similar to James pragmatism, the postmodernist is of the view that a problem exists only when people agree there is a problem needing to be addressed. Narrative therapy is an application of the Postmodernist approach to psychology and encourages clients to see their stories from different perspectives (Corey, 2005). The clients reality is focused on without disagreeing whether it is accurate or rational (Weishaar, 1993 as cited in Corey, 2005). Unlike traditional therapists who see the client as the problem, the narrative therapists believe that the problem is the problem (Corey, 2005). This separation of client from problem allows one to take a stance against specific storylines, be hopeful in generating a more positive, healing story and thus reducing self-blame.The therapist searches for times when the client made a choice and times when the client was successful (Corey, 2005, p. 403). very similar to the assumptions of the Cynics and particularly the Romantics, the Postmodernist approach is based on the pollyannaish assumption that people are able and that they possess alternative stories that can enhance their lives (Corey, 2005, p. 403). The nature of truth and the approach to psychology Future research direction Within the United States and internationally, Kirschenbaum and Jourdan (2005) carried out a survey that launch an increasing number of therapists who identify themselves as eclectic or integrated amongst Carl Rogers client-centered/person-centered therapists over the past 30 years.In his writing on the topic of roma nticisms potential in complementing psychology, Schneider (1998) writes that experimental research, whether in hypothesis-making or verification, cannot abundanty replace romantic insights and needs to refer back to qualitative data that Romantics emphasize (Schneider, 1998). Hence, there are advantages in employing research as well as therapy methodology that take into account aspects of the intuitive and emotional aspect of human beings that romanticism emphasizes. In view of the advantages, Schneider also writes about the implications for therapists in training. He proposes the provision of rich and sensitive qualitative descriptions of their clients in addition to intervention plans that are problem-oriented or behavioral in focus (Schneider, 1998).Therapists in training should also pay attention to emotional, kinesthetic, and cognitive experiences of clients. at any rate just assessing progress toward therapy goals, the meaning of therapy goals for clients should also be con sidered. Schneider is of the view that therapist with the full range of experiential data about their clients would be in an optimal position to collate essential data for a treatment plan. Hence, research should be done to measure the effectiveness of this approach to therapy in addition to (i.e., eclectic approaches) or instead of traditional approaches.In his comparing of person-centred therapy with psychodynamic therapy, Owen (1999) notes the possibility of conflict that person-centred therapists might face in trying to be congruent to their own personal feelings while at the same time, being non-judgmental and providing unconditional positive regard. Further research should be carried out in the area of long-term consequences to the therapist and to the client as well as strategies that can be employed when there is a conflict in the congruence of the therapist and the therapist provision of unconditional positive regard. seek may also include investigating the incorporation o f one aspect of the psychodynamic approach which is neutrality (neither making interpretations nor providing unconditional positive regard) towards the clients sharing of his personal experience or thoughts (Owen, 1999). Neutrality allows for a full range of emotions including negative emotions of the client.ConclusionWhether truth is absolute and independent of the knower and perceiver has been supported and argued against since the period of the early Greek philosophers. Similar themes that focus on the human individual to evaluate and make their own choices, define their own meaning and ultimately, define and act upon what is the nature of truth and the truth itself recur time and time again whether in the form of an emphasis on affect like the Romantics or Postmodernist who selects part of a narrative, whether accurate or true, to put it to good use in parcel the individual cope during therapy.The implications of the position taken on the nature of truth have been demonstrated throughout history in major schools of philosophy, psychology and in this paper. Future speculation of this theory of truth is that, after definite negative events that will happen in future times as a result of pragmatic and postmodern thinking, a reaction against relativistic and individualized conceptions of truth that may take a shape of fundamentalism may return to schools of philosophy and the social sciences.ReferencesConway, J. B. (1992). Presidential address A world of differences among psychologists. Canadian Psychology, 33(1), 1-23. Corey, G. (2005). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (7th ed.). California Thomson acquirement Inc. Daitz, L. (2011). Understanding, truth or resolve? Considering the aim of existential psychotherapy and the approaches of van Deurzen and Spinelli. Journal of the Society for Existential Analysis, 22(1), 140-149. De Waal, C. (2005). On Pragmatism. California Thomson Wadsworth Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to the hi story of psychology (6th ed.). California Cengage learning. Kendler, H. H. (2005). Psychology and phenomenology A clarication. American Psychologist, 60(4), 318324 Kirschenbaum, H. & Jourdan, A. (2005). The present-day(prenominal) status of Carl Rogers and the person-centered approach. Educational Publishing Foundation, 42(1), 3751. doi 10.1037/0033-3204.42.1.37 Oaklander, L. N. (1992). Existentialist philosophy An introduction. New Jersey Prentice Hall Owen, I. R. (1999). Exploring the similarities and differences between person-centred and psychoanalytic therapies. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 27(2), 165-178 doi 0306-9885/99/020165-14 Robinson, P. (2008). Jean-Jacques Rousseau and history Moral truth at the expense of facticity. Rethinking History, 12(3), 417431. doi 10.108 0/13642520802193 288 Schneider, K. J. (1998). Toward a science of the heart Romanticism and the revival of psychology. American Psychologist, 53(3), 277-289 Webb, R. K. (2006). From romantic humanist to postmodern education How the alien becomes normative in contemporary education. Radical Pedagogy. Retrieved from http//radicalpedagogy.icaap.org/content/issue8_2/webb.html

Are Professional Athletes Overpaid? Essay

Professional athletes, specifically in the NFL, NBA, and MLB, frequently be rewarded thoroughly substantial contracts and lucrative phiz deals and it has been argued that their salaries should be reduced to littler wages but they atomic number 18 paid in the way that they atomic number 18 for good reason they provide the being with constant entertainment, work unverbalised at their jobs and are scarcely able to work for a thin amount of time. In 2011, both the NFL and the NBA locked come out its players from team facilities and also solely shut down league operations because of disagreements on player salaries and reductions. In 2012 and 2013, the NHL was locked out, also for financial disputes. All three leagues lockouts were battles between the owners and the players, the billionaires versus the millionaires. The team owners cherished to reduce the salaries of their players and the players wanted to leave them be.Previously, the owners and players had a collective bar gaining agreement, and until a new one was reached, the fans of each of these sports could not enjoy watching their teams play. In these bettericular arguments, the players were correct in that they do not deserve to defend their contracts reduced. Athletes provide constant entertainment to the masses and everyone is interested in what they do. separately grade, the television ratings for big games and contests such as the Super Bowl, the World serial or the NBA finals increase. The population is generally interested in the affairs of pro athletes and this is what makes them celebrities. The American society would not be the same without the analogouss of LeBron James, Kobe Bryant, Peyton Manning, or tomcat Brady. The United States is automatically associated with these names because national sports are an essential part of our culture. therefore, it makes sense for the facial gestures of these athletes to be seen on store windows and in cell anticipate advertisements for the sake of endorsement deals. Having a customer see LeBron James face on a Nike shopping bag or in a Samsung commercial is a great way to subscribe to the customer to taint the product because they associate it with James, a terra firma-renowned hoops star. Giving large endorsement deals to big-name athletes helps support the economy because fans emulate the players they cheer for. Due to the physical gong of their professions, athletes are only(prenominal) able to enjoy limited time play their sports.Usually, they are drafted right out of college around the age of 22 and only the good ones are able to stay around long teeming into their mid-late thirties. While some are able to maintain jobs as analysts or sideline reporters, others dont have their future professions set in stone. For example, an NFL quarterback may retire at the age of 35 with a completely broken down body after go alonging all the hits during his career. At that point, he may no longer be able to get a job any(prenominal)where else, especially not in any other sport. Having a large contract that can cover several(prenominal) years for them would allow them to enjoy an easy retirement just like everyone else once they are finished with their work. Not only are athletes a staple in American culture, but they have worked harder than anyone else in the world to get to where they are today. Professional sports teams are solely comprised of the irresponsible trump out of the best and to become that, the amount of time and dedication needed seems impossible. There are about 900 teams in college basketball and about 13 players per team.That multiplies to close to 12,000 players across the country each year. The NBA has 30 teams and each team is only allowed 12 players. That multiplies to 360 NBA players each year, about 3% of the total number of college players. If college basketball is already hard enough to get into the NBA is for the truly elite. Athletes as physically apt as many are is also very rare. In order to be in the NBA, one needs to be above-average in height. In the NBA, anyone below 66 or 67 would look short in comparison to anyone else. The average height of a 22 year old male, which is the age of an NBA player straight out of college, is about 59 or 510, so 66 is extremely tall. Being this tall could result in a person being uncoordinated and clumsy. Clearly, NBA players are the exact opposite and that makes them counterbalance more impressive as athletes. Watching someone as gifted as a hulking beast like 68, 260 lb LeBron James play truly is a rarity and the whole world would want to see him showcase his talents. Athletes are put under extreme pressure in each of their sports. The entire world suffers them to come with with(predicate) in clutch moments and if they do not, they receive heavy criticism.The best athletes, especially, must have to experience unbelievable stress due to the expectations in tearing moments when the games h eat up. Los Angeles Lakers shooting guard Kobe Bryant, for example, is greatly known for coming through for his team in tight moments towards the end of the match. In his 18 year career, he has earned a name for himself and is now known across the world. Currently, he earns over $30,000,000 per year but it is uncommon to see anyone sound off that Kobe Bryants contract is too large. It is often argued that athletes should not be rewarded awful income wages because they waste the bills on their lavish lifestyles and idiotic ventures. However, athletes often donate their specie and open charity benefits to help the unfortunate. For example, fresh siege of Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees The Brees Dream Foundation, started in 2007, is dedicated to helping the children of New Orleans and the cities educational facilities following Hurricane Katrina.Another example is New York Yankees short circuit Derek Jeter, who founded the TURN 2 mental institution in 1996. The TURN 2 foundation is an effort to turn kids and teens away from drugs and alcohol in order to sustain healthy, active lifestyles. If these athletes are to receive million dollar salaries, then we should expect them to give some of that money back to people who need it and hole of athletes do so. Professional athletes are celebrities, one-percenters, and even divas. They enjoy luxuries that average, working sort out individuals do not get to enjoy. Some argue that they waste their money on said luxuries, but this is not the case. The few immature players who are unwise with their spending money make up a meek percentage of all the professional athletes in major sports. Mature, hard-working athletes try their absolute best and push themselves physically harder than anyone else in the world and for this reason they are great map models for children. As long as they put their money to good use, continue to provide constant entertainment, and remain good role models, athletes contracts shou ld not be regarded as too high and any word of honor of reducing them must be put to rest.Works Cited

Importance of Schools Essay

Insertion of condition 25-A in the Constitution has guaranteed the training of free and compulsory education by the state to all children in the age cohort of 5 to 16 years. The 18th amendment and insertion of Article 25-A has the potential to accelerate the pace of achievement of national and international targets towards the achievements of MDGs since by rights to free and compulsory education has been recognized. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the lack of appropriate semipublic sector educational institutes leads to the high ratio of drop out from prepares. The on tap(predicate) public sector takes in KP are not able to harbor high influx of students passing out from base prepares. Each punt marriage council in Pakistans Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province has no high school for girls, leaving thousands of female students to drop out after completing patriarchal education. Latest official data reveals that around 505 out of the total 990 nub councils in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa draw no hi gh school for girls showing the spiritlessness of the successive governments towards female education in the militancy-ravaged province.Similarly, 158 jointure councils have no high schools for boys. In the absence of high schools both for girls and boys majority of the students in the respective areas have no option only if to stop departure to schools after completing primary education. Unfortunately, on one hand a number of educational institutions, particularly for girls, were blown up or torched in the militant-infested districts of the province while on other the government in last(prenominal) failed to pay heed to establishment of high schools to boost the already deteriorating measuring stick of education. The insecurity and lack of schools have increased the dropout rate of the children in former(a) age. Sitting aside the far-off districts like inaccessible Kohistan and Dir, even the not bad(p) city of Peshawar is short of educational institutions. disclose of total 93 union councils in Peshawar, about 55 have no high school for girls while 32 of them are without high school for boys, according to the data. Out of 75 union councils in Mardan the second largest city in KP, 34 have no high school for girls and 15 have no high school for boys.The Kohistan district has total 38 union councils but only one of them has a high school for girls. Similarly, its 24 union councils have no high schools for boys. Bannu has 47 union councils and among them 23 have no high school for girls and 15 are without high school for boys. Similarly, 41 union councils in Swat, 21 in Abbottabad, 23 in Chitral, 27 in Charsadda, 14 in Dera Ismail Khan, 10 in  move Dir, 33 in Mansehra, 24 in Nowshera, 23 in Lakki, 16 in Battagram, 20 in Upper Dir, 23 in Shangla and 13 in Hangu have no high schools for girls. According to policy epitome report from UNESCO in 2012, there are about 2,845,843 students enrolled at primary take aim throughout KP, while only 1,077,597 at hi gh schools in KP.This shows that almost 50% get dropped out after primary schools delinquent to one reason or another, the most prevailing of which is the huge end in the number of institutes both at primary and high level leads to the drop out of most of the students due to the non-availability of high schools in their neighborhood or the high schools available do not have the facilities to go for the large number of students. Majority of the population cannot afford the fee structures of one-on-one schools so they are unwillingly compelled to discontinue the education of their children, and leaving no option but to involve their children in child labor. The lack of mellow Schools in the locality also leads to dropout. Due to cultural norms and values volume mostly dont send their female children to schools far from them.

Cafeteria Food Essay

Some people think that direct cafeterias should be requisite to provide low-fat and/or vetakearian lunch options to accommodate the governments nutritionary guidelines, but all students do not eat the same. In my try about cafeteria nourishment, I will explain what students sine qua non in their regimen. I will also share the likes and dislikes in the food and what we stack do to improve it. Cold pizza, undercooked hamburgers and brown lettuce sounds nasty. Many students from different states and districts realise to recognize with that every day at their schools.The food from the cafeterias used to be good, with a sweet flavor, but in the last few categorys the food had taken a different flavor, a flavor that privynot be tolerated by the students. The students need a better quality in their food, dont they? Its eon for a change, a change to food, so students tramp be satisfied while their eat, a change to food that can be really worth it. As a upshot of fact, we stud ents soften silver to the district every year and this is what we get? Its time for a change.Everybody knows that eating healthy was from the past. However, now students and not necessarily that students eat fast food like McDonalds or Taco Bell. like a shot everybody does, which can be a good and a grown thing. The changes of the foods taste has made many students to not eat at school, or plain made students to bring lunch, and this as a matter of fact causes the school to lose money. In all actuality is the loss of money causing the school to give students poorly made food?If the schools would parcel out students food from places like Pizza Hut and Subway I can guarantee that most or all students would eat at the cafeterias and it would usefulness to both school and students. These types of foods would be so great to have in schools, but unfortunately the district and the governments have taken action and unfairly, they have set down laws that prohibit these foods in the s chools. They have settled these laws because they want us as students to eat healthy, but if they want to keep us healthy, why are they giving us food with a bad and nasty taste?Also, with these laws they keep students like me away from eating in any case much junk food because they can cause obesity. But do they keep on giving us food that is not even worth the amount of money our parents give to the government every year? If they were the ones who eat all of the nasty food given by the cafeteria they would of get tired of eating cold pizza and uncooked hamburgers with brown lettuce secure like we the students do.In conclusion, we all understand what the overnment and the school system is exhausting to do with this healthy eating program. They want to promote healthy eating habits in an effort to prevent obesity. Although nutrition is important, students feel that there is a better way to have healthy food without ruining the taste. Therefore, in an effort to keep students healt hy and leave with their stomachs satisfied we should all line up together to realize that we are the ones that have to make it through the school day with the food.

An Interview With a Relative

Welcome to the blue collar urban center of cow, New York. I find myself in my great Uncle pass ons doddering brick home in the totality of South Buffalo. The house has the familiar smell of old people, in the antechamber are a pair of work boots the leather old and worn-out, the soles well depleted. A layer of dust has formed on the boots that have remained uninfluenced for decades. As I move closer to the kitchen I can reveal the recognizable sound of stainless firebrand clinking on ceramic, the throbbing noise can only be one liaison Uncle Wills stirring his ever present cup of joe.I jockey this wonder is going to take a bit so I head to the fridge to find a cold beverage. Inside the fridge, snub juice I thought ugh, tap water will do. My Uncle begins by referenceing me. Uncle Will is curious to know how Im doing in school day and if I like living in Kansas. We talk about family, cars and pets(he has a very fat cat). I dont want this interview to be formal and sti ff so I casu tout ensembley turn tail the conversation to his earlier years. I want to de musical compositiond him about WWII further this is not what I want to focus on.I do look about his service in the United States Army scantily to operate an idea of how his age in the army prepared him for entering the speculate market. In his tour of duty he saw himself promoted three times, at long last to the rank of Captain and led a company of sixty men. This is all I want to know of his brief military service. I ask about his homecoming and the first thing he makes is the excellent egression the economy in Buffalo has make, it was as if the depression never happened he says with a half smile and a look of satis accompanimention.The best thing is not only was the city of Buffalo prospering the entire state from the Atlantic to the Pacific was too. I sit quiet and attentive just letting him talk. Its like a history lecture only its just me attend and center, completely interest ed in the subject. I want to know more about Buffalo and the gambols available to him so I implore. You could just see the smiles on everyones faces, people travel with a bounce in their step he tells me. The reason for the smile faces was that Buffalo was home to Bethlehem Steel the second largest steel producer in the nation.Bethlehem Steel employed tens of thousands of the citys people they offered good bribe and a unionized work force, these things kept the grins ear to ear. The steel was in the first place sent to Detroit to fuel the auto industries record sales. The primary means to apotheosis the steel was the railroad and this is where Uncle Will found his calling. He was hired for the note almost immediately. His time leading troops in combat made him the top choice for the conductor position. Old Will describes his new job as Love at First sight.Will adore the sound of the methodic turning of the locomotives wheels, the hustle and bustle of the dog yard and the fac t that he had the privilege to literally drive the economy in a 200 ton, 7000 horsepower machine. The most efficient means of transportation, steel on steel, he says idealisticly. He now commanded trains with at least sixty blow cars just like the company of soldiers he led just a short while ago. Uncle Will informs me that though the job often kept him away a lot with trips to Chicago and other mid-western cities he was proud to be transporting the materials to help the U.S prosper. He coveted every snatch he spent with his locomotive the diesel powered Dual-Service Erie-Built Train Master, I called her Audrey after Audrey Hepburn, they showed her movies to us in the service Uncle Will laughs as he finishes his statement. Audrey was navigating her way through the extensive network of railways across the domain and with that flush I feel a bit of admiration of the industry. His devotion to the train industry is fascinating. I ask him to tell me more about his duties as a conduc tor. The conductor has the duty of accelerating, breaking, changing tracks and supervising the crew, pretty important, he adds with a chuckle. His days on the helm of the locomotive began to blur together days became months and months turned to years but he says every time I pushed the accelerator I still had that goose bump good awareness I felt the first time I pushed her to full speed. Buffalo was still enjoying economic growth through the mid-sixties still thrive on Americas appetite for steel.In the late sixties as my Uncle explained he noticed a change, less noise at the rail yard the sound of wheels turning was less prevalent the methodic rung slowing down just like buffalos economy. Everyone could sense the change and the smiles began to fade. I want to know the reason for this change in demand. Uncle Will proclaimed with anger in his voice Foreign steel was being imported from places like China and Korea. It was much cheaper and industry wants to surrender money. T he lack of demand for Buffalos number one exporting closed the doors of Bethlehem and Republic Steel.Thousand lost their jobs. You could call this moment in time the death of our city he adds. This was and is the beginning of the continual evenfall of the Queen City. Uncle Will was right unemployment rates were 6% and today is 9. 6% according to the New York State Department of Labor (www. labor. state. ny. us). This downturn change all subsequent history. Unemployment caused crime rates to rise, drug use was uncontrolled on the east side of town and it was spreading at a rapid rate.Today buffalo is littered with abandoned homes even rhetorical Roman Catholic churches have seen their doors and windows boarded up. The city as I knew it was gone(a) with these words I hear a solemn sigh. I cute this interview to be about how the railroad industry affected his flavor however by the way it started I should have known the interview was just a means for Uncle Will to tell me about the city he watched grow to greatness and the melancholy it brings him to watch its decline.I coadjutor out the window there is a light blanket of shock covering the concrete and the small bush he has in his front yard. It looks pretty and peaceful but looks can be deceiving. Uncle Will mentions that even in his neighborhood crime was creeping in the house just two doors down was burglarized just a calendar week ago he proclaims with a deep sadness in his eyes. I look closer at Uncle Williams face tired and worn like the work boots in the front hall, his soul wearing away.This man has done so much in his life he volunteered when his country needed him and guided trains on the veins of Buffalo, pumping its blood of steel around the fledging nation. Without sadness there cannot be joy and without depression there cannot be growth. alas this weary old man is still sitting in his old red recliner coffee cup in hand sodding(a) out the window at the city streets once home to the lau gh of playing children now quiet and desolate. He says Id intrust this place but there are too many memories in this old house, too many memories in this old city.

Early Childhood Education Past and Present Essay

In pitch to decide how past philosophies, theories and educational models defend influenced present ideas and practices related to beforehand(predicate) childhood education, we must send-off decide where we would like to begin. I entrust start with the ideas of Aristotle, because I believe his ideas on mimesis or imitations argon unmixed in the evolution of early education, and will unendingly be an constituent(a) part of effective learning. Once we understand that children learn and practice what they wait in another(prenominal)s, we begin to realize the wish for dedication and devotion from parents and teachers.Aristotle was a student of Plato who argued for the early removal of children from their parents so that they could be cared for in a school like setting. (Schwartz 1997) As we search back at memorial itself, we can see that the role of childhood education has been dependent upon the neighboring(a) needs and beliefs of a particular society. There have also been umteen individuals in the past 200 years who are responsible for creating theories and philosophies establish on their observations of children and what is vital to them as they develop into adults.However, it is important that we recognize how smart ideas are not formed independently, but built upon old ones. As educators, we must utilize what we notice to be effective, as well as the things that impacted us about as children in an educational setting. The strategies and philosophies that Ive implemented in particular are borrowed from several individuals including Erikson, Vygotsky and Gardiner. Eriksons psychosocial possibleness covers eight stages, each one built upon, and reliant on its predecessor.The first four are of greatest relevance, but the remaining four are worthy of a close look because it is important to know where youre going when deciding upon the best way to beat come in there. These stages also inspire me of the importance of satisfying basic need, and of considering children as little people who need to believe in success before they can achieve it. Its one of the reasons why I would occasionall(a)y go to recess with my students. I was able to observe how they treated and responded to others in a seemingly more(prenominal) relaxed, social setting.For some children, recess is by far the most nerve-wracking twenty minutes of the day. The incredibly minimal amount of time disposed to my students was another reason I felt it was necessary to attend. I could get a kick ball game set up so they could make the best of what little time they had. However, I must be honest, I still love to play, and demonstrating good sportsmanship and a competitive centre to my kids was as important as the preparation for any test we had to look forward to. Lastly, I had a sixth grade teacher who utilise to do the same thing and I remember it vividly and exceedingly fondly.I find Gardiners theory of multiple intelligence extremely laboursaving while building confidence in kids whose gifts were not overly ostensible on the field at recess. I have and will always encourage students to recognize and display these gifts while still maintaining a sealed degree of humility. (Hyson 2004) Ive always kept examples of completed activities inside and outside(a) my classroom and anywhere else I could find space in nine to, among other things, initiate discussions about pride as well as humility. Our classroom clearly demonstrated the fact that comfort and familiarity were held in laid-back regard.An equal emphasis was placed on respect, and this is the word that was constantly spelled out on the board. As my class or one of my students showed an obvious need of respect, one of the letters would be erased. They would be put back as we were respectful of one another, and if the word was entirely spelled out on Friday afternoon, we would have a social gathering for the last half hour of the day. If we were to walking into most, if not all early childhood educational settings, we would find umpteen things that were initiated or influenced by past theorists or philosophers.We would notice blocks or other creative building materials. There would be areas to encourage cooperative learning, and most would reflect what is thought to be developmentally appropriate for the range of members in the class. When determining what types of play are developmentally appropriate, we need to consider all individuals, and the fact that differences will exist. Members of a class who are either invest or struggling should not have to suffer because of what is thought to be developmentally appropriate. These differences should be expected, utilized and appreciated.Computers, for example, will run programs with varying degrees of encumbrance depending upon what is developmentally appropriate for an individual. As concerns widen to grow over bridging the falling out between early education students, government intervention has and will continue to grow. An increase in assessments is inevitable, and even smaller amounts of time will be devoted to active learning, exploration and play. The changes that in fact need to be made are those that reflect the ideas of the great minds of theorists who dedicated their lives in come out to determine the most effective methods of early childhood education.

Lab 15

research lab 15 Administering Windows 7 utilization 15. 1 Creating a Custom supporting Job Overview In Exercise 15. 1, you create a single, custom reserve business organisation that saves selected archives and booklets to a partition on the computers ruffianly disk. fulfilment clip 20 minutes oral sex 1 why doesnt the system drive (C) bug disclose on the Select where you inadequacy to save your condescension foliate? You cannot backup C drive to C Drive skepticism 2 Why does a warning appear when you select the ALICE1 (X) drive, informing you that the X drive is on the same visible disk as your system drive?Because X drive is outdoor(a) storage. Question 3 Why doesnt the Windows folder appear downstairs the Local Disk (C) drive? Windows 7 makes an frame of your system so it cannot write the image it is backing up to the device it is imaging. 11. Take a screen shot of the Review your backup settings page by imperativeness pinnacle+Prt Scr, and where fore paste the resulting image into the Lab15_worksheet blame in the page provided by closet Ctrl+V. 14. Take a screen shot of the Windows keep is currently in progress page by pressing Alt+Prt Scr, and then paste the resulting image into the Lab15_worksheet file in the page provided by pressing Ctrl+V.Question 4 What is the size of the backup, as indicated on the embossment and mend decl be panel? 1. 25GB Exercise 15. 2 Performing an Incremental embossment Job Overview In Exercise 15. 2, you create a new file on the computer and repeat the backup melodic line you performed in Exercise 15. 1, to demonstrate how incremental backup jobs work in Windows 7. Completion age 15 minutes Question 5 How is the Backup and cure control panel interface different from when you opened it the first time? Shows right off that there was a ackup made on the dates and when the next backup. & Shows alice1 is backedup Question 6 How does the time required for this backup compare with that for the same job the first time you ran it? seconds Question 7 How many Backup Files folders are there beneath the Backup Set folder? three backup folder. 12. Take a screen shot of the Windows Explorer window, showing the Backup Files folders, by pressing Alt+Prt Scr, and then paste the resulting image into the Lab15_worksheet file in the page provided by pressing Ctrl+V.Question 8 What is the size of the folder? 348MB Question 9 Why is the second Backup Files folder so much microscopicer than the first one? Because there was one small change the text file. Exercise 15. 3 Performing a prepare Overview The only way to be sure that a backup has realized successfully is to perform a test restore. In this exercise, you restore a file from the backup you performed earlier. Completion time 10 minutes Question 10 How many options are there to choose from in the Restore Files dialog box? dates Question 11 How many results appear in the Search for files to restor e dialog box and from which backup jobs are they? notwithstanding one the newfile. txt Question 12 From which of the three backups you performed is the Newfile. txt file going to be restored? From the second backup 10. Take a screen shot of the Your files prepare been restored page by pressing Alt+Prt Scr, and then paste the resulting image into the Lab15_worksheet file in the page provided by pressing Ctrl+V. Lab imply exception 15. 1 Scheduling a backup Job Completion time 10 minutes Performing a single backup job provides only limited protection against hardware failure. To fully protect your data, you must(prenominal) back up regularly, and Windows 7 enables you to schedule backup jobs to run at specified intervals. To complete this challenge, you must create a job that backs up your workstations entire system (C) drive to the X drive either Friday at 1100 PM. Write out the procedure for creating the job and take a screen shot of the Review your backup settings page by pressing Alt+Prt Scr, and then paste the resulting image into the Lab15_worksheet file in the page provided by pressing Ctrl+V.Lab Challenge 15. 2 Using Branchcache Completion time 15 minutes NOTE If you have not through with(p) so already, you must complete Exercise 10. 1, in which you install removed Server Administration Tools for Windows 7 and enable the Group indemnity worry Tools, before you attempt to complete this challenge. To use BranchCache, you must configure the detach Group Policy settings on both the host servers and the branch shoes computers.To complete this challenge, you must create three Group Policy objects called BranchCache capability Servers, BranchCache Hosted Cache Servers, and BranchCache Clients, and configure each GPO with the settings needed to create a BranchCache implementation that uses your classroom server (RWDC01) as a hosted cache server. Write out the procedure for creating the GPOs and take screen shots of the three GPOs in the Gro up Policy Management Editor console by pressing Alt+Prt Scr, and then paste the resulting image into the lab15_worksheet file in the page provided by pressing Ctrl+V.

Tyco International Company Culture and Ethics

On phratry 12, 2002, Tyco Internationals causation chief executive officer L. Dennis Kozlowski and former chief financial officer Mark H. Swartz have been arrested and charged with theft more than than $170 jillion from the comp whatever as well as more than $430 million through false sales of Tyco caudex and cover the information from sh arholders. Kozlowski and Swartz were charged with more than thirty counts of wrong doing. Hence, Tyco poop was unmatched of the most notorious of the early 2000s.Consequently, companies need to be alert of any changes in their culture, p goingominantly with regard to ethical behavior. For role model, according to George P. J whizzs (2003), if sales staff office who aggressively book tax are consistently rewarded while those who gestate a more conservative approach are left behind, one may expect to find problems in the companys revenue classifications and related financial figures. Furthermore, corporate culture is how a corporation th inks the job should be ran.Senior management always has a flavour that a firm owed it to its shareholders to spend a penny as much profit as practical forgetting that the companys corporate culture is as important as the profit making. In Tycos case, the chief executive officer, Kozlowki was the second-highest-paid chief operating officer, but his lack of conservativeness, his aggressive handicraft style and his extravagant way of living, did raise some red flags and indicated that Kozlowski was acting unethically by manipulating the companys financials and using the companys money unethically. According to Whelan G. 2012), as MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCs) have become more numerous, more powerful, and more variously engage (Dunning & Lundan, 2008 Roach, 2005 UNCTAD, 2010), and as their globular operating context has changed (Kobrin, 2005 Ruggie, 1982, 2008a), so too have the normative demands normally made of them. Within the business ethics and business and society literatures for example, the belief that globalization has increased the power of MNCs, and concomitantly decreased the power of states, has informed a dust of work that normatively prescribes, and positively describes and explains, the political duties and activities of MNCs.Tycos stock price ab initio fell when Tyco was going to begin a bid for Honeywell (subject of General Electrics failed coup last year). The rumor caused Tycos share price to plummet around 8. 5 percent in the last half(a) hour of trading, and although a company spokesperson denied there was any truth in it immediately aft(prenominal) the close, Tyco was in the spotlight it came under very close scrutiny in the days and weeks that followed (insideinvestorrelations. com). Additionally, the fraud began to unfold when the Securities and Exchange Commission was examining the companys stock price. chore practices by senior management have raised some red flags and the SEC started an investigation into Tycos pr actices. Suspicious accounting practices surfaced because Tyco had forgiven a $19 million loan to Kozlowski in 1998 and had paid the CEOs income taxes on the loan. It was then discovered that the companys stock price had been overvalued, and that the CEO and CFO had sold 100 million dollars charge of shares, and then stated to the public that he was holding them, which was a magic and misled the investors.Kozlowski and Swartz stole approximately $600 million by taking unauthorized repair and pensiones, abusing loan programs and selling their company stock at overstated prices afterward lying about Tycos finances. And according to nbcnews. com, often, when these two men were charge of stealing millions of dollars, prosecutors said, the defendants hid their alleged thefts by failing to disclose the bonuses and loan forgivenesses in company prospectuses and federal filings, and bought the silence of underlings with outsized compensation.Both used Tycos money to buy extravagant li festyles that featured art, jewelry and real estate, prosecutors said. An example of that spending was the gaudy $2 million toga fellowship Kozlowski threw for wife Karens 40th birthday on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, they said. Tyco paid about half of the partys cost. Lines Mr. Kozlowski crossed in his tenure as CEO He had Tyco comprise for his $30 million New York City flat tire which included $6,000 shower curtains and $15,000 dog umbrella stands. He also purchased some(prenominal) acres in the private gated community, The Sanctuary, in Boca Raton, Florida He was engaged in financial frauds through Loan forgiveness and inappropriate bonus payments. He also lied to the shareholders by overrating the stocks of the company. Kozlowski made Tyco pay $1 million (half of the $2 million bill) for the 40th birthday party of his second wife. The party was held on the Italian island of Sardinia, it included an ice mold of Michelangelos David urinating Stolichnaya vodka and a p rivate c at one timert by Jimmy Buffett.The party was denote as a shareholder meeting in order to get corporate funding. CONCLUSION Perhaps one of the most disturbing things of the Tyco scandal was that nobody caught the thieves on time, the fraud surfaced when special groups were put in purpose to particularly prevent fraud and protect investors. The SEC was not commensurate to prevent or catch the problem on time, they only caught this once it had already spread widely.Decentralizing corporate structure can make it difficult, even for the board of directors, to effectively monitor a firms dealings and finances. Kozlowskis fall and the repercussions of his dirty dealings (financial penalties and jail time) are also detailed. Finally, an explanation of how Tyco survived the scandal is provided, along with safeguards the company has put into calculate to ensure that similar misconduct does not occur in the future. authorJennings, M. (2012). Business ethics Case studies and select ed readings. 7th Ed. Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning Whelan, G., 2012. The Political emplacement of Corporate Social Responsibility A Critical Research Agenda. Retrieved from learners.ncu.edu George P. Jones, may 2003. Corporate Culture and Ethical Behavior. Retrieved from http//www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2003/May/CorporateCultureAndEthicalBehavior.htm Insideinvestorrelations.com. Fall of the house of Tyco. Retrieved from http//www.insideinvestorrelations.com/articles/case-studies/16294/fall-house-tyco/ Nbcnews.com. Ex-Tyco CEO Dennis Kozlowski found guilty. Retrieved from http//www.nbcnews.com/id/8258729/ns/business-corporate_scandals/t/ex-tyco-ceo-dennis-kozlowski-found-guilty/.UYa2oKLqnco

Bullet Boy: Scene Analysis Essay

Bullet Boy, a 2004 British Social Realism film, directed by Saul Dibb has narrative that portrays a distressing an emotional tale of race, gangs and shoot crime London. The film follows the life of a young man named Ricky, who has late been released from prison, and portrays effect he has on the lives of those around him. The scene I leave discuss is a montage between the main ca work named Ricky, and his rec any dose Wisdom. The scene is astir(predicate) Ricky, planning an escape from his reputation along with his young woman Shea, while skating with his little brother Curtis, whom idolizes Ricky.Although, Wisdom is alone in a corner shop, unaw be that Godfrey and another of his rivals ar destroying his car. One of the most(prenominal) important elements of this scene is the use of cross burn upting between both Ricky and Wisdoms narratives. This scene exaggerates the strains of their lives and is cut in order to create an underlying foreboding and tension. By adding foot ling clips of Wisdoms tense plot, within Rickys longer, more upbeat vistas, it drags out and intensifies the audiences forecast as to how Godfrey get out take his revenge after he is shown with weapons and an accomplice.The hale-informed end-to-end this scene is mostly non-diegetic, a soundtrack piece, however diegetic sound eject be heard in a discussion between Ricky and Shea. tightfitting/diegetic sound is noted during the vandalism of Wisdoms car, as well as laughter and skates from Rickys shots. An upbeat track is apply to make up a virtuoso of pace to the scene, while safekeeping up with the run of the era. The music that begins in Rickys first shot continues throughout apiece of Wisdoms, also known as a sound bridge, indeed creating a smoother trans serve between both narratives.By employ a sound bridge to keep continuity in regards to sound, it makes the exploit seem uninterrupted helping the audience follow. The scene begins with a close up Ricky conversi ng with his girlfriend. Over the shoulder and close up shots are used to increase audience involvement with the characters. Seeing the characters close up gives the viewers a greater understanding of their emotions, while also helps to establish the dapple of severally character, and give the feel of looking at one character from the others point of view. After their discussion a travel shot of Curtis is shown as he skates towards the glass.This keeps up with the speed that Curtis is going, consequently keeping him in the centre of the frame, making him the main focus of this cut. The scene past cuts to a medium-long handheld camera shot of Ricky and Shea entering the ice rink, and this is where the non-diegetic music starts to play. Many medium and long shots of the couple are used throughout the scene, through this the viewers gain a better understanding of how healthful their relationship is by seeing the majority of their torso language, e. g. holding hand and laughing.Ha ndheld camera shots also express a certain agreeable of realism, and can make the audience feel as though they are actuate of the scene, rather than viewing it from a frozen position. After a few cuts shown of the three on the ice, the scene cuts to the first shot of Wisdom. The illuminate and scenery change dramatically and also Wisdoms body language in the way he is walking, giving a sense of uneasiness. The medium shot also reinforces the tension as it suggests the intensity of the drama. concomitant to this, another few handheld camera shots of the ice rink are played, which then cuts to a short clip of Wisdom in a corner shop.As Wisdom picks up the Pot Noodle a focus pull is used, focusing from the Pot Noodle onto Wisdom himself. This is through with(p) to subtly direct the viewers attention to a specific part of the screen. Further medium and long handheld camera shots are interpreted of Ricky, Shea and Curtis before it again fast cuts to Wisdoms narrative, this being Wis doms final and longest shot in this sequence. A two shot of Godfrey and an associate come into frame, the use of a medium shot on the first character, then cuts to the second, intensifies their piece of ass emotions, making the audience aware something potentially grave is going to go to Winston.Cut to a medium-long handheld camera shot of Godfrey, and it is now actually clear that they are holding baseball bats and are about to destroy the car. The clip fast cuts between both characters adding to the action, while ever-changing the viewers perspective and seeing the event unfolding from all angles. The scene cuts to a long shot of Wisdom in the store, substantiating that Wisdom is still unaware, while adding to the suspense. Shots of Godfrey and his partner again follow, fast snip between the two on either side of the car. Fast moorage in this energetic clip gives the scene a sense disorderliness and urgency.Both characters then exit the scene. The soundtrack music then ends indicating the climax of action has passed as it cuts to Ricky and Shea laughing on the ice. While this scene clearly ends on a high note for the couple as they embrace each other, the same cant be said for Wisdom as it cuts back to him finding his car vandalised. Through his choice of editing, camera angles and sound, Dibb makes this sequence a pivotal scene in the film. Its underlying tension and contrast to both Rickys and Wisdoms lives suggest that Ricky and Sheas plans will not be followed through.

Logistic: Inventory and Total Logistics Cost

home take a leak cosmic string is a net fly the coop of logistic dusts. logisticals concerns peerless sites transcription. offer bowed stringed instrument includes opposite companies. E. G. dell com tramper the logistics is respectable their accompany tho the t unhurty set up includes each(prenominal) the pop bulge suppliers. Their logistics arranging is a parcel of dells bestow fibril. It includes a akin the retailers and supplier. Other companys logistics include in Dells ply scope. Logistics is an early version of the depict chain. Logistics f on the wholeated in the US military. Flow of lading (people, weapon in warf atomic progeny 18 is logistics. ) Organizing a die hard/seminar logistics take angiotensin-converting enzymed for success.Today all the successful companies predominate their free-enterprise(a)ness from logistics, non from the fruit itself. E. G. Walter (retailer, wholesaler, supermarket chain) their competitive banking concern comes from logistics. They argon non conceal counterchange anything variant from an early(a)(a)(prenominal)s. They erase a superior logistics musical arrangement. Logistics devise them succeed. Dell as well, aid is impregnable, charge prepossessing success comes from logistics. An otherwise interpretation people qualify logistics variously scarcely they mean the cor acting thing. lantern slue Logistics/Concept 4 Instead of proverb process, they say optimization, and so on Process of muddle.Says break a agencyment and computer limitinus of resources instead of construction strongs/ works and cultivation. They vociferation logistic activities economic activities. becharm is ane of hence, behavior emoluments, yield, shop, distri hardlyion, and so ontera run situation bet. The oral sex of spring and point of conclusion and consumption. Logistics is close to the 5 RSI. What be the 5 RSI? Logistics is whatever(predicate) sha keting mature well(p)s at by rights get into at right while in right form at right p strain. army is really or so this. In commercial entities we empha coat on the p strain a lot. This is besides the definition of logistics.Right goods, right in quality in correct quantity. Diffe conduct take of logistics. In-bound, out-bound logistics. Logistics of yield (table, take hold, auto, etc. ), in that location argon ii levels of logistics. Logistics at heart the takings process in the factory. How do you perfect the labor at bottom the factory? We call this operational logistics or workers unitedly. How do you put brief repositing a dogged the assembly railway remains? in all this is logistics. E. G. sen durationnt depository library lack of space. How to maximize space? Library space layout. Its just about logistics. contrasting factories rent distinguishable layouts this is logistics.We argon inte recumbed in logistics before the w ar starts. The au togo coming into the factory and when the production is finished, the burden moving out to the next step all towards the final consumption. This is what we call in-bound and out-bound logistics. This is what we be implicated in. Mari while transmit takes part in inward and out-bound logistics than for production logistics. We atomic number 18 absorbed in how to move stuff and nonsense to production and from production to consumers. When we learn to understand logistics, we look at to the highest degree logistics questions for congressman a emblematic question is about where to develop the raw real affected.Raw material whitethorn be in different places. several(prenominal) places top exe railive baffle different quality and prices. The difference amongst that place and the production mogul be different and accordingly remonstration snip and greet readiness be different. Where to find energy provide? Labor allow for? Should you move your factory seaward to returns cheap labor? If you do that be c arful that high prices might nurse to be paid on other go for example commitation. Where to set up production bases? In transfer, where should the port be located? Where to frame wareho manipulation and distri hardlyion warmness. E. . Toyota car has their distri neverthelession con summation for the Nordic countries at the port of Mammal. Before that they had mall in all the countries. So many diffusion tenderness, different logistics birth up than if there is a concentration of activities. Where to prolong branch organizations? The answers consider a lot of activities including glamouration. We are in mari duration stock so we are affected by the nodes ratiocination. Other types of logistics questions for ex. How to remove from A to B and select of persuade direction air sea, road. Egg. Oslo to Mammal road, sea. Air, rail. dispa tread modes of transport deal different logistics implications. Ex field trips log istics question, how to transport students sea ( similarly colossal), air, road, rail. How to transport container? Hub and stave benefit from economies of home plate. often clippings onus handling prices. The best solution es displaceial be a logistics solution. Best way to transport cargo from A to B. Flow and repositing from point of origin to destination to comply with nodes fate. touching from A to B different options different solution. When should transport start how long should it take. Route? memory board? How, when geted?Mat of cargo to be transported at angiotensin-converting enzyme cadence? Economies of scale? Packing collected? Logistics is e trulywhere. Farmer from gray Sweden purchase fertilizer in Sweden, buy from Germany (expensive land transport), buy from US where its such(prenominal) cheaper, precisely if he has to stand much than exaltation damage. Where to find the material? violence is on mari eon transport movement of goods . transferral co. Transport goods train info to do so. port and transport bear on with decrease and storage of goods. October 28, two hundred8 Session 2 sheer Logistics/Concept 9 in that location al slipway has to be a logistics ideal. And a logistics creation is what?Its about score equal idea. This is the most important concept. It looks easy but meat live concept is non forever observed, so people make mistakes as a result. It is a guest emolument requirement. Logistics concept is similarly about outsourcing, integration, man(a) about concept, it is withal about processes. The processes we call drivers. It drives the logistics process. It domiciliatet all be about concept. It has to be mostthing tangible. Logistics is about processes. We are doing these everyday, ex. Manufacturing and transportation, distribution, pedigree control, procurement.These are all activities, but the difference surrounded by these and logistics are that we are doing these i n an integ pass judgmentd sort under the concept of logistics. So we shoot the concept and the drivers. The difference mingled with these activities and logistics, we are doing them under the conglomeration follow and the customer service concept, so this is comparatively unsanded. Third is IT. We call IT enablers that enables us to do the processes under the concept of logistics. Some clippings we brookt do the processes (drivers) without IT. Ex. Dell computers. They obtained their competitive edge from logistics.Logistics means to get a computer from the production to the customers without any retailers. No eyemen. Order on blood, designing own computer. The aim of logistics is to slander the append bell. screwing to a greater extentover do this with IT similarlyls. So the three shares lease to come unitedly using the IT tools. We make to understand the employment of IT in the whole process. Ex. Just in m system. This is Inventory control under the concept of self-involved using information engineering science. The 3 comp mavennts adjudge to work together. How do we take all these persists (MFC, transportation, distribution, warehousing, etc. In an conflated manner under the concept of logistics using IT tools. Ex. single(a) tar. Concept is to minimize positive represent. enume station exist is manufacturing, transport, didst. , etc. How do we minimize that? Use IT. Dell used IT to find out that their fare comprise leave behind be minimized if they cut out the middle man. IT enables the cutting out of the middle man. Good online service. conveyance line is non making anything it is a part of transport. Shipping companies as a company postulate logistics problems also. Shipping has a double role to play.Shipping is a part of the logistics chain of a customer, but at the selfsame(prenominal) magazine they have their own logistics problem. Shippings logistics problems include arranging bunkers, choosing port of call, t ypes of service to provide, empty container management, reposition of containers, terminal logistics, fleet logistics, agency logistics, but shipping as a service provider is part of the logistics of customers. Ex. KEA piece of furniture maker shipping important. Shipping has a double role to play. Ex. Wimps logistics service. Logistics in third innovation countries is not good enough. Read World swan Report.The three components of logistics are important. Dell manages their occur monetary value through logistics, so does Wall-Mart. All the processes have to be IT enabled. Control-implementation-control. HP has a fixed type on the shelf. Dell, make your own different customer service. champion is enabled by IT. Logistics has 3 components concept, process, IT. Slide logistics/Concept 10 impart chain different sources to choose from. treat one whence(prenominal) the next step and the next. This is the scarper of cargo from origin to destination the flow of informatio n from user to origin. education flow and cargo flow go in opposite directions.Ex. Dell the information goes from the customer to Dell and the cargo from Dell to the customer. How pull up stakes the manufacturer slam what amiable-hearted of products the consumer volition need? The consumer give have to tell. foe directions. Dell transport one computer to separately customer so the customer pays much for transportation, but other be like the shops and knock related make ups do not exist. If we compare this apostrophize with the equal is very important. Total salute concept can be fail understood by looking at soaring Logistics/Concept 1 1 . This is a Total price in Logistics and Supply fibril System.marting and logistics are tight related. This picture is very uncoiled. What is marketing? It is about the 4 As product, price, promotion, place. So in this marketing there is one component about place which is about logistics. In the logistics about the place and the customer service (where the customer involves the cargo to be) and there are other greet elements. Ex. Related to place, transport appeal has to be incurred also warehousing constitute, flow and storage. Other comprise like blood line be allow be incurred. What is the difference between register woo and warehousing speak to line constitute for giveing goods in line of descenting).Inventory comprise is the value of the goods. Books for new WHIM students cost of book ( chronicle) plus storage (warehousing). Processing and information cost from each one term we order, we have to follow procedure, fill in forms, etc. Processing cost can be high. Egg. When we are transporting our boxes home, have to have bill of lading. This has a cost (processing and information cost). Lot quantity cost economies of scale. Purchasing/transporting/ purchasing a declamatory amount and testament benefit from economies of scale, this is called lot quantities. vest all these 5 elements together and this is heart cost.The mark of logistics is not to optimize a cost element, its not to minimize a cost element, but rather to optimize the kernel cost and minimize the gist cost. slander the tot cost this is what logistics is all about. This is easier said than done. turnout, the idea is to flinch the caudex cost to zero if thinkable. At the same time warehousing cost is universe reduced this is a good system. What other cost testament be affected transport cost. All these cost elements are relate and inter searchant. So interaction and interdependence are also important.Change of take in-person line of credit go away affect transport cost, lot quantity cost, etc. getup system for example daily consumption of rice. Lets say we eat egg of rice each time. Based on fit, each time we need rice, we should buy only egg. Do we do this? No, wherefore against kit out principle. We buy 200 kilos 2 cost occur blood cost and the money cast o ff on the rice cannot be used (capital bind up coin flow problem). If this money was put in the bank it would generate some touch. Where is the rice put? The place occupied by the rice cant be used for something else.In production if you buy too often to get economies of scale from purchasing, well incur a high inventory cost. If we are not buying kilos, we buy a quantity in between say 2 kilo. Optimal total cost. If we buy egg each time inventory cost is zero have to buy each time we need to cost. That is time and transport cost. Lot quantity cost will change as there is no delivers to be got through economies of scale. And each time we buy there are other cost like information and processing (whitethornbe not in the subject of rice, but generally). be sick all these costs together, and find a good place in between. We do this by Cost Trade-off.Cost Trade send off Slide Ex. Manufacturing legal action involves making projectors in Mammal, Sweden and need to supply them t o the rest of atomic number 63. No distribution centre, or warehouses, or depots, o because we perceive the undefiled Europe, each time we have an order from someplace in Europe, we claim the projector and send it off. What do we save inventory, we do not livelihood inventory. What do we have to spend more(prenominal) transportation cost will be very expensive. We therefore have to find out if we have a warehouse someplace in them from Mammal to the customer we send it from that storage which is closer so we save transportation cost.How many such warehouses we need to cover Europe? It depends on the elements transport, inventory, lot quantity, warehouse costs. In optimizing all these costs together is a logistics decision. Ex. In the study of the depots, we might have 8, 10, 12 to cover the replete(p) Europe. What cost elements we have in the occurrence of the distribution of projectors in Europe. First the systems cost, the processing and information cost. When there is a centre there need to be a computer system, a financial system, etc. If there is no centre, the system cost is very low.The more centre, the high the system cost and this is a storage cost. If there is only one storage at the headquarters in Mammal, the cost would be relatively low. As the numbers of depots are being change magnitude the storage cost will be very high. Inventory cost more depots, more stock higher inventory cost. Trucking cost tree has automobile torso and branches. Trunk means main transportation, branches mean topical anesthetic delivery. Transport cargo from production to main distribution centre = trunk transport and hence(prenominal)(prenominal) from distribution centre to each single apartments = local delivery.Trucking cost the more centre, the more trucking cost. If there are no depots, each time to ship from mammal to each individual location will be very high. The more depots, the less the local delivery cost will be. The total distributio n cost is the addition of all cost, this is what we call total logistics cost. When we have the total logistics cost curve it corresponds to the number 8 heart and soul there should be eight distribution centre. So this is the solution 8 centre. As costs change, oil, etc, the optimal numbers of centre will change. Its not static, its dynamic (the Total Didst. Curve).Logistics one has to computer programme, implement, control. If the individual costs are changed gum olibanum total cost will be different high/low. E. G. If the interest becomes low inventory cost will be affected as the capital will become cheap. If oil cost increase, interest rate decrease could end up with more centre which means saving more rainspout cost, esp.. Local delivery cost. Transport cost in total will be less. Inventory cost is dependent on interest rates. May have 9/10 depots. of depots depend on cost elements. Cost trade off is important. With depots total cost is spurn, so this will save cost .Having depot is a cost but the cost is dispirit than not to have them. E. G. KEA used to rent warehouses, now they throw benefit of depreciation. next Slide Logistics cost in the USA Logistics cost include transportation cost, inventory, warehousing, distributing, etc. How much logistics cost people pay as a serving of a orbit GAP 10% in the US. Inventory cost increase swift than the transportation cost bet. 1980 and 2005- why? Better inventory control, interest rate light so inventory cost lower. entombest was low in the rest of the world until about 2005. Deflation = lower inventory cost.In other countries this percentage is much higher. mainland mainland China 18% of GAP spent on logistics (used to be 20%). China is more representative of developing countries. So in developing countries logistics systems are not as efficient as those in industrialized countries. 9. 5% is similar in Europe and japan (COED countries). In developing countries its much higher. Includes al l logistics cost element transport, inventory, etc. Brobdingnagian room for improvement. close slide guest service is another concept. Customer service is the return of logistic establish, accomplishment-based, philosophy based.Activity based e. G. After gross sales service, marketing, public relations. exercise based what is the standard? Ex. Dell computer is performance based, delivered in 48 hours performance-based customer service. Can be measured. Ex. , ports waiting time for ships rush. Philosophy based on what customers require is the customer service consort to customers taste before, during, and after(prenominal) transaction. What is transaction? Buy goods, pay. Customer service can take place before this, during, after. Changes in CSS level affect total logistics cost. Next slide CSS High, Low.Cost Low/High the higher the customer service level, the higher the cost. No ship should wait in port for more than 3 hours. This will cost a lot of money will hav e to build more berths. Define customer service level. correct to minimize total cost based on this pre-condition. wherefore CSS level increase and inventory level affected. The higher the CSS, the higher the inventory level. intent increased SSL, so high inventory level. Its a decision the company makes customer service level is very important. (Refers to graph on the right) analyse to find a way to push the line by introducing a pause way of production e. . Using IT, new production method. garnish cost but unruffled satiate goal IT, use better system. Next slide industry norm, etc. Customers response to stock out. Is a risk being run of losing the customer? All different ways to define the customer service level. kit up System Developed by Toyota. Called the Kanata system. When a container of split is chosen to be used from inbound stockinet in-out in-out This is the production. Eng the assembly line how do you get different stages to work together in harmony. The sys tem has two tease. getup works with 2 cards the move cards and the production cards. Hen you examine the move card, time to move the container or the other card, time to produce. Work centre 1 the card moves along the production line from one work centre to the next. Toyota manage to have minimum inventory along the assembly line. They have one container of part. cards are turning around and the part are being go from one centre to another. For logistics a better instinct of Just in time is very important. 9 Cot 2008 There are two circulations of cards. How do the 2 circulations make the KIT system work? Why does it work? Key elements to reduce inventory therefore reduces the capital buttoned up in inventory. formulation, staff commitment including suppliers, suppliers index to meet the posit. Some inventory is kept because there is a container. One piece at a time is being used from the container so the rest must(prenominal) be inventory. What is the average inventory ? What is the customer requirement? Its the surface of the container. The container is all-encompassing how big is the container. How is the surface of the container defined? The size of it of the container is aforethought(ip) based on production. Supply 20 units at the beginning and then its consumed and a new container comes. The container is consumed during a cycle. The cycle is the time needed.The average inventory is a fractional of the container what ever the amount it contains. Typical KIT, there should be no inventory so why is inventory kept? When we need egg rice why dont we get exactly that? Other costs would increase too much. KIT to keep as little inventory as possible. The size of the container depends on what? Transportation two dont match then the size of the container needs to be changed. If the transport sakes more time then increase the size of the container and vice versa. Transport time important. Volvo had KIT between Gent and Mammal. How much inventory should be in the Volvo factory in inventory?A lot. Why? Engine split are make in Sweden to be used in Belgium. This transport takes one calendar week by ship. As it takes one week, there should at least be spare parts for one week. Toyota has KIT. In the city of Toyota in Japan within 30 kilometers of the factory all Toyota parts are make there. This is the perfect KIT system. KIT emphasizes the reliableness of the transport system. The two containers must have the same matching size. If parts cant be produced in time, the baby carriage must be moved earlier. At the moment one container is taken to the in stock point, another container load of part should be produced.Suppose the production takes more time than when one cart comes back? Egg. If production takes 20 hours, parts can be made in 10 hrs. The time information is sent information flow is the primeval. Plan to know how long production will take. In Japan, transport is guaranteed (Toyota). What is supplier commitment? Shortcomings of the KIT system? instanter we assume we only need 20 parts in 10 hours, how about if the demand change and we need 30 parts in 10 hours. If the rush along of production is variable the whole system is challenged. If the demand is certain/flexed then it can be mean production rate and transportation.But what if production rate changes? This is a challenge for some of the production fling off the line that may need more time and material which might have to come from far. Not easy to adjust production. Shortcomings Does only one supplier have to be used with KIT? No, Honda uses more than one supplier. In KIT, anything that goes wrong will collapse the spotless system. In KIT the entire chain has to be KIT, it cant be at only one stage of the production. If not it forces other suppliers downs the line to keep inventory. KIT of big companies push inventory down the line if the dont plan effectively.Because smaller suppliers want to satisfy big companies, they are fo rced to keep inventory. KIT has to be along the entire supply chain. KIT may be only at the very broad suppliers who push the inventory down the line to smaller suppliers. Toyota case 1/52 weeks car production stop because of a fire at one supplier ripple effect. The decision of Toyota to do nothing was based on the total minimum cost of they did various studies. CCITT Case The reliability of transportation and the distrust factors make logistics system blusher. The importance of information. Logistics concept drivers enablers, under total cost and customer level.KIT will never work without IT. Everything works together with IT reenforcement the processes under total cost and customer level. The process, concept or IT cannot work separately. Information is vital for success as well as the reliability of demand. Forecast and planning important to know when demand change. Transportation is also important for this system. If the transport distance is long, the container has to be big. The size of the container is influenced by time (transport). Transport is via sea only use air in case of emergency. If transport takes a long time or is unreliable then more inventory needs to be kept.Gent is the biggest Volvo manufacturer. Terrines transport the parts from Sweden to Belgium. The shorter the detachment of the shipping service, the lower the level of inventory required. This can make the transport expensive. So its the total cost that is important that will Supply chain 2 definitions (see slide) its a mesh, not port to port. In logistics there is no procurement. The 2 key words in logistics are flow and storage. Supply chain includes manufacture. shift key = manufacturing. 1st law of dynamics dont create anything, only change the form. Supply chain includes much more than logistics.Logistics narrowly defined. Supply chain is broader. procurement also concerned with about origin of the goods. optimization Integration coaction Synchronization Optimization optimize one stage, the entire thing is not optimized so integration has to take place then consolidation then synchronization (concerted manner, happening in the same time). birth along supply chain. Start from optimization to synchronization. The idea of supply chain is relatively new-fangled compared to logistics. 1960/ass people start to talk about total cost. E. G. In stage one warehousing and transport are separate melts.Management taper was operations performance. No integration. Logistics unified both to see how they can be optimized. This is called total cost management. So the focus changed to optimizing total cost and customer service. Customer service put together with cost. shaping design is a centralized function. 80,s co-ordinated logistics function. This moved nowadays to supply chain MGM. say logistics together to get supply chain. Supply chain broader than logistics. Stage 1 -separately treated, not optimized. Optimization done within the company. hone internal functions transportation and inventory.Intra company and intra functional. This function is a logistics function. The logistics function today is moving still in the company but inter functional. Everything in the company put together integration. Toyota inter company higher level of integration. Toyota owns the supplier easier to do KIT. Companies are integrated supply chain Inter company and inter functional. Dell and their suppliers are integrated. Also Wall-Mart. The producers dont take orders from Wall-Mart the cards in KIT comes from individual supermarkets. Producers can check storage level of Wall-Mart outlets.Everything is only integrated. No personal intervention to place order etc. The system is integrated good supply chain inter company. Next Slide From fragmented logistics to integrated supply chain. In the fist stage do one function at a time inventory or warehouse or transport. In the later stage, intra functional the whole function optimized. From fragmented logistics to integrated SCM. Suppliers, manufacturer, distributor, retailer, customer are all integrated with he other functions in the company and go to the next stage you integrate between the functions in the companies and between the companies.This is interception and will become in the true sense a supply chain. Supply chain broader today than the logistics. SC have to work with other companies. To satisfy your customers require more than one company need supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and retailer. E. G. Markers their system integrated with some of their key customers key client management. Copras definition of supply chain. Within an organization there is a supply chain. Egg. WHOM, teaching, supply services, library, canteen, etc. Al depots. Work together to satisfy customer. SC decisions have to have supply chain design and strategy.Strategic level, spiritualist term, short term operational, daily and based on the companys competitive strategy. Michael gatekeeper define competitive strategy in terms of product specialization or cost cutting leadership. How to achieve strategy SC strategy. symmetricalness bet. capacity and responsiveness. How to respond to demand? Efficiency includes cost-effectiveness, I. E. Cheap. Fast response this is provided at a cost. Efficiency might compromise cost. finality making is from lower level to higher. some(prenominal) competitive strategies come from SC strategy. Wall-Mart is from logistics.Dell is from Supply chain Beer game at one time demand is variable SC difficult to maintain. KIT difficult to maintain. grand time to reach an equilibrium. In the end have to keep large inventory. Once demand is unstable KIT is not suitable. SC Design. Planning is important. SC design is about planning. When suppliers design their supply chain nautical and port services is a part of that. So symboliseping is important. Stockholders point is storage. Horizontal line represents move. When it stops vert ical lines = storage or waiting. Egg. BBC container tracking. This is SC mapping.Horizontal line is lead-time (time from production centre 1 to production centre 2). peak time depends on inventory to determine when order is to be placed. SC starts from the fiber and end with the clothes on the shelf. by means of this we see ancestry length and playscript. E. G, coca cola. Postponement of safety stock What is postponement? H and Ezra they use postponement principle. Clothes must be in fashion. Dont know faction of 09. Try to postpone as much as possible the manufacturing time. Forecast, ii, postpone. Dell also uses this strategy. Dont develop their machines until last moment.Can use the latest technology and the price gets cheaper. Anticipate time needed and kind of product needed. Decision is postponed to the last moment. Postponement principle can reduce stock. Has bearing on transport too. Better information flow will impact SC. Next slide Sometimes for material flow animate might not be appreciated. Transport is used as storage to adjust transport time to match with performance. Sometimes its because of the price. E. G. Iron ore in China, there is too much now. Information speed is always good but for material sometimes it needs to be fast and other times not so fast.Compression of lead-time in manufacturing activity. Supply chain map length (vertical) volume (horizontal) try to compress it to see possibilities to reduce some of the variable. Ocean transport cant be adjusted as speed cant be reduced. SC design. Lead-time is transport. Port of Amsterdam case study summary Market research likeliness to attract new carriers / guarantee balance and supply (elasticity). When port build no congestion in Europe more port than ships. undoable to get firm commitment plenty choices. much supply than demand. motivation price inelastic. Shipping companies never give guarantees.Optimization, integration, collaboration, synchronization. harbor to synchr onize. Increase speed of one operations but the speed of other things remained unchanged. No synchronization. If the complete boxes cannot be moved this is a logistics problem. The concept of logistics most important total cost. Port of Amsterdam forgot total cost. Typical unsuccessful person case that should never have been done. Restricted berths bigger ships cannot fit in today size is restrictive. How wide and long should ship be. (Panama Canal has size restriction and is thus a constraint ships in the AsianLogistic Inventory and Total Logistics CostSupply chain is a network of logistic systems. Logistics concerns one companys system. Supply chain includes different companies. E. G. Dell computer the logistics is Just their company but the supply chain includes all the part suppliers. Their logistics system is a part of dells supply chain. It includes also the retailers and supplier. Other companys logistics included in Dells supply chain. Logistics is an early version of the supply chain. Logistics originated in the US military. Flow of cargo (people, weapon in war is logistics. ) Organizing a course/seminar logistics needed for success.Today all the successful companies find their competitiveness from logistics, not from the product itself. E. G. Walter (retailer, wholesaler, supermarket chain) their competitive edge comes from logistics. They are not selling anything different from others. They have a superior logistics system. Logistics make them succeed. Dell also, service is good, price attractive success comes from logistics. Another definition people define logistics differently but they mean the same thing. Slide Logistics/Concept 4 Instead of saying process, they say optimization, etc. Process of location.Says movement and storage of resources instead of saying goods/services and information. They call logistic activities economic activities. Transport is one of then, port services, production, storage, distribution, etc. take place be t. The point of origin and point of destination and consumption. Logistics is about the 5 RSI. What are the 5 RSI? Logistics is about getting right goods at right place at right time in right form at right price. Military is really about this. In commercial entities we emphasize on the price a lot. This is also the definition of logistics.Right goods, right in quality in correct quantity. Different level of logistics. In-bound, out-bound logistics. Logistics of production (table, book, car, etc. ), there are two levels of logistics. Logistics within the production process in the factory. How do you optimize the production within the factory? We call this operational logistics or workers together. How do you put temporary storage along the assembly line? All this is logistics. E. G. WHIM library lack of space. How to maximize space? Library space layout. Its about logistics. Different factories have different layouts this is logistics.We are interested in logistics before the prod uction starts. The cargo coming into the factory and when the production is finished, the cargo moving out to the next step all towards the final consumption. This is what we call in-bound and out-bound logistics. This is what we are interested in. Maritime transport takes part in inbound and out-bound logistics than for production logistics. We are interested in how to move material to production and from production to consumers. When we try to understand logistics, we look at some logistics questions for example a typical question is about where to find the raw material needed.Raw material may be in different places. Some places might have different quality and prices. The difference between that place and the production might be different and therefore remonstration time and cost might be different. Where to find energy supply? Labor supply? Should you move your factory offshore to benefit cheap labor? If you do that be careful that higher prices might have to be paid on other s ervices for example transportation. Where to set up production bases? In shipping, where should the port be located? Where to build warehouse and distribution centre. E. . Toyota car has their distribution centre for the Nordic countries at the port of Mammal. Before that they had centre in all the countries. So many distribution centre, different logistics cost than if there is a concentration of activities. Where to have branch organizations? The answers consider a lot of activities including transportation. We are in maritime transport so we are affected by the customers decision. Other types of logistics questions for ex. How to transport from A to B and choice of transport mode air sea, road. Egg. Oslo to Mammal road, sea. Air, rail.Different modes of transport have different logistics implications. Ex field trips logistics question, how to transport students sea (too long), air, road, rail. How to transport container? Hub and spoke benefit from economies of scale. More ca rgo handling costs. The best solution must be a logistics solution. Best way to transport cargo from A to B. Flow and storage from point of origin to destination to comply with customers requirement. Moving from A to B different options different solution. When should transport start how long should it take. Route? Storage? How, when needed?Mat of cargo to be transported at one time? Economies of scale? Packing needed? Logistics is everywhere. Farmer from southern Sweden buy fertilizer in Sweden, buy from Germany (expensive land transport), buy from US where its much cheaper, but he has to pay more transportation cost. Where to find the material? Emphasis is on maritime transport movement of goods. Shipping co. Transport goods need info to do so. Port and shipping concerned with flow and storage of goods. October 28, 2008 Session 2 Slide Logistics/Concept 9 There always has to be a logistics concept. And a logistics concept is what?Its about total cost concept. This is the most important concept. It looks easy but total cost concept is not always observed, so people make mistakes as a result. It is a customer service requirement. Logistics concept is also about outsourcing, integration, global about concept, it is also about processes. The processes we call drivers. It drives the logistics process. It cant all be about concept. It has to be something tangible. Logistics is about processes. We are doing these everyday, ex. Manufacturing and transportation, distribution, inventory control, procurement.These are all activities, but the difference between these and logistics are that we are doing these in an integrated manner under the concept of logistics. So we have the concept and the drivers. The difference between these activities and logistics, we are doing them under the total cost and the customer service concept, so this is relatively new. Third is IT. We call IT enablers that enables us to do the processes under the concept of logistics. Sometimes we cant do the processes (drivers) without IT. Ex. Dell computers. They obtained their competitive edge from logistics.Logistics means to get a computer from the production to the customers without any retailers. No middlemen. Order online, design own computer. The aim of logistics is to minimize the total cost. Can only do this with IT tools. So the three components have to come together using the IT tools. We need to understand the role of IT in the whole process. Ex. Just in Time system. This is Inventory control under the concept of egoistic using information technology. The 3 components have to work together. How do we take all these functions (MFC, transportation, distribution, warehousing, etc. In an integrated manner under the concept of logistics using IT tools. Ex. Individual delivery. Concept is to minimize total cost. Total cost is manufacturing, transport, didst. , etc. How do we minimize that? Use IT. Dell used IT to find out that their total cost will be minimized if they cut out the middle man. IT enables the cutting out of the middle man. Good online service. Shipping line is not making anything it is a part of transport. Shipping companies as a company have logistics problems also. Shipping has a double role to play.Shipping is a part of the logistics chain of a customer, but at the same time they have their own logistics problem. Shippings logistics problems include arranging bunkers, choosing port of call, types of service to provide, empty container management, repositioning of containers, terminal logistics, fleet logistics, agency logistics, but shipping as a service provider is part of the logistics of customers. Ex. KEA furniture maker shipping important. Shipping has a double role to play. Ex. Wimps logistics service. Logistics in third world countries is not good enough. Read World Bank Report.The three components of logistics are important. Dell manages their total cost through logistics, so does Wall-Mart. All the processes have to be IT enabled. Control-implementation-control. HP has a fixed model on the shelf. Dell, make your own different customer service. One is enabled by IT. Logistics has 3 components concept, process, IT. Slide logistics/Concept 10 Supply chain different sources to choose from. Take one then the next step and the next. This is the flow of cargo from origin to destination the flow of information from user to origin. Information flow and cargo flow go in opposite directions.Ex. Dell the information goes from the customer to Dell and the cargo from Dell to the customer. How will the producer know what kind of products the consumer will need? The consumer will have to tell. Opposite directions. Dell transport one computer to each customer so the customer pays more for transportation, but other costs like the shops and overhead related costs do not exist. If we compare this cost with the cost is very important. Total cost concept can be better understood by looking at slide Logistic s/Concept 1 1 . This is a Total cost in Logistics and Supply Chain System.Marketing and logistics are closely related. This picture is very true. What is marketing? It is about the 4 As product, price, promotion, place. So in this marketing there is one component about place which is about logistics. In the logistics about the place and the customer service (where the customer wants the cargo to be) and there are other cost elements. Ex. Related to place, transport cost has to be incurred also warehousing cost, flow and storage. Other costs like inventory costs will be incurred. What is the difference between inventory cost and warehousing cost inventory cost for safekeeping goods in stock).Inventory cost is the value of the goods. Books for new WHIM students cost of book (inventory) plus storage (warehousing). Processing and information cost each time we order, we have to follow procedure, fill in forms, etc. Processing cost can be high. Egg. When we are transporting our boxes home, have to have bill of lading. This has a cost (processing and information cost). Lot quantity cost economies of scale. Purchasing/transporting/buying a big amount and will benefit from economies of scale, this is called lot quantities. Put all these 5 elements together and this is total cost.The objective of logistics is not to optimize a cost element, its not to minimize a cost element, but rather to optimize the total cost and minimize the total cost. Minimize the total cost this is what logistics is all about. This is easier said than done. KIT, the idea is to reduce the inventory cost to zero if possible. At the same time warehousing cost is being reduced this is a good system. What other cost will be affected transport cost. All these cost elements are interrelated and interdependent. So interaction and interdependence are also important.Change of inventory will affect transport cost, lot quantity cost, etc. KIT system for example daily consumption of rice. Lets say we eat egg of rice each time. Based on KIT, each time we need rice, we should buy only egg. Do we do this? No, then against KIT principle. We buy 200 kilos 2 cost occur inventory cost and the money spent on the rice cannot be used (capital tied up cash flow problem). If this money was put in the bank it would generate some interest. Where is the rice put? The place occupied by the rice cant be used for something else.In production if you buy too much to get economies of scale from purchasing, well incur a high inventory cost. If we are not buying kilos, we buy a quantity in between say 2 kilo. Optimal total cost. If we buy egg each time inventory cost is zero have to buy each time we need to cost. That is time and transport cost. Lot quantity cost will change as there is no savings to be got through economies of scale. And each time we buy there are other costs like information and processing (maybe not in the case of rice, but generally). Put all these costs together, and find a good place in between. We do this by Cost Trade-off.Cost Trade Off Slide Ex. Manufacturing activity involves making projectors in Mammal, Sweden and need to supply them to the rest of Europe. No distribution centre, or warehouses, or depots, o because we cover the entire Europe, each time we have an order from someplace in Europe, we pack the projector and send it off. What do we save inventory, we do not keep inventory. What do we have to spend more transportation cost will be very expensive. We therefore have to find out if we have a warehouse somewhere in them from Mammal to the customer we send it from that storage which is closer so we save transportation cost.How many such warehouses we need to cover Europe? It depends on the elements transport, inventory, lot quantity, warehouse costs. In optimizing all these costs together is a logistics decision. Ex. In the case of the depots, we might have 8, 10, 12 to cover the entire Europe. What cost elements we have in the case of the distribution of projectors in Europe. First the systems cost, the processing and information cost. When there is a centre there needs to be a computer system, a financial system, etc. If there is no centre, the system cost is very low.The more centre, the higher the system cost and this is a storage cost. If there is only one storage at the headquarters in Mammal, the cost would be relatively low. As the numbers of depots are being increased the storage cost will be very high. Inventory cost more depots, more stock higher inventory cost. Trucking cost tree has trunk and branches. Trunk means main transportation, branches mean local delivery. Transport cargo from production to main distribution centre = trunk transport and then from distribution centre to each individual apartments = local delivery.Trucking cost the more centre, the more trucking cost. If there are no depots, each time to ship from mammal to each individual location will be very high. The more depots, the le ss the local delivery cost will be. The total distribution cost is the addition of all cost, this is what we call total logistics cost. When we have the total logistics cost curve it corresponds to the number 8 meaning there should be eight distribution centre. So this is the solution 8 centre. As costs change, oil, etc, the optimal numbers of centre will change. Its not static, its dynamic (the Total Didst. Curve).Logistics one has to plan, implement, control. If the individual costs are changed then total cost will be different high/low. E. G. If the interest becomes low inventory cost will be affected as the capital will become cheap. If oil cost increase, interest rate decrease could end up with more centre which means saving more rainspout cost, esp.. Local delivery cost. Transport cost in total will be less. Inventory cost is dependent on interest rates. May have 9/10 depots. of depots depend on cost elements. Cost trade off is important. With depots total cost is lower, so this will save cost.Having depot is a cost but the cost is lower than not to have them. E. G. KEA used to rent warehouses, now they build benefit of depreciation. Next Slide Logistics cost in the USA Logistics cost include transportation cost, inventory, warehousing, distributing, etc. How much logistics cost people pay as a percentage of a country GAP 10% in the US. Inventory cost increase faster than the transportation cost bet. 1980 and 2005- why? Better inventory control, interest rate lower so inventory cost lower. Interest was low in the rest of the world until about 2005. Deflation = lower inventory cost.In other countries this percentage is much higher. China 18% of GAP spent on logistics (used to be 20%). China is more representative of developing countries. So in developing countries logistics systems are not as efficient as those in industrialized countries. 9. 5% is similar in Europe and Japan (COED countries). In developing countries its much higher. Includes all logistics cost element transport, inventory, etc. big room for improvement. Next slide Customer service is another concept. Customer service is the output of logistic based, performance-based, philosophy based.Activity based e. G. After sales service, marketing, public relations. Performance based what is the standard? Ex. Dell computer is performance based, delivered in 48 hours performance-based customer service. Can be measured. Ex. , ports waiting time for ships rush. Philosophy based on what customers require is the customer service according to customers taste before, during, and after transaction. What is transaction? Buy goods, pay. Customer service can take place before this, during, after. Changes in CSS level affect total logistics cost. Next slide CSS High, Low.Cost Low/High the higher the customer service level, the higher the cost. No ship should wait in port for more than 3 hours. This will cost a lot of money will have to build more berths. Define customer service level. Try to minimize total cost based on this pre-condition. Why CSS level increase and inventory level affected. The higher the CSS, the higher the inventory level. Goal increased SSL, so high inventory level. Its a decision the company makes customer service level is very important. (Refers to graph on the right) Try to find a way to push the line by introducing a better way of production e. . Using IT, new production method. Reduce cost but still satisfy goal IT, use better system. Next slide industry norm, etc. Customers response to stock out. Is a risk being run of losing the customer? All different ways to define the customer service level. KIT System Developed by Toyota. Called the Kanata system. When a container of parts is chosen to be used from inbound stockinet in-out in-out This is the production. Eng the assembly line how do you get different stages to work together in harmony. The system has two cards. KIT works with 2 cards the move cards and the product ion cards. Hen you see the move card, time to move the container or the other card, time to produce. Work centre 1 the card moves along the production line from one work centre to the next. Toyota manage to have minimum inventory along the assembly line. They have one container of part. Cards are turning around and the parts are being moved from one centre to another. For logistics a better understanding of Just in time is very important. 9 Cot 2008 There are two circulations of cards. How do the 2 circulations make the KIT system work? Why does it work? Key elements to reduce inventory therefore reduces the capital tied up in inventory.Planning, staff commitment including suppliers, suppliers ability to meet the demand. Some inventory is kept because there is a container. One piece at a time is being used from the container so the rest must be inventory. What is the average inventory? What is the customer requirement? Its the size of the container. The container is full how big is the container. How is the size of the container defined? The size of the container is planned based on production. Supply 20 units at the beginning and then its consumed and a new container comes. The container is consumed during a cycle. The cycle is the time needed.The average inventory is a half of the container what ever the amount it contains. Typical KIT, there should be no inventory so why is inventory kept? When we need egg rice why dont we get exactly that? Other costs would increase too much. KIT to keep as little inventory as possible. The size of the container depends on what? Transportation two dont match then the size of the container needs to be changed. If the transport sakes more time then increase the size of the container and vice versa. Transport time important. Volvo had KIT between Gent and Mammal. How much inventory should be in the Volvo factory in inventory?A lot. Why? Engine parts are made in Sweden to be used in Belgium. This transport takes one week by ship. As it takes one week, there should at least be spare parts for one week. Toyota has KIT. In the city of Toyota in Japan within 30 kilometers of the factory all Toyota parts are made there. This is the perfect KIT system. KIT emphasizes the reliability of the transport system. The two containers must have the same matching size. If parts cant be produced in time, the cart must be moved earlier. At the moment one container is taken to the in stock point, another container load of part should be produced.Suppose the production takes more time than when one cart comes back? Egg. If production takes 20 hours, parts can be made in 10 hrs. The time information is sent information flow is the key. Plan to know how long production will take. In Japan, transport is guaranteed (Toyota). What is supplier commitment? Shortcomings of the KIT system? Now we assume we only need 20 parts in 10 hours, how about if the demand change and we need 30 parts in 10 hours. If the speed of production i s variable the whole system is challenged. If the demand is certain/flexed then it can be planned production rate and transportation.But what if production rate changes? This is a challenge for some of the production down the line that may need more time and material which might have to come from far. Not easy to adjust production. Shortcomings Does only one supplier have to be used with KIT? No, Honda uses more than one supplier. In KIT, anything that goes wrong will collapse the entire system. In KIT the entire chain has to be KIT, it cant be at only one stage of the production. If not it forces other suppliers downs the line to keep inventory. KIT of big companies push inventory down the line if the dont plan effectively.Because smaller suppliers want to satisfy big companies, they are forced to keep inventory. KIT has to be along the entire supply chain. KIT may be only at the very large suppliers who push the inventory down the line to smaller suppliers. Toyota case 1/52 weeks car production stopped because of a fire at one supplier ripple effect. The decision of Toyota to do nothing was based on the total minimum cost of they did various studies. CCITT Case The reliability of transportation and the uncertainty factors make logistics system key. The importance of information. Logistics concept drivers enablers, under total cost and customer level.KIT will never work without IT. Everything works together with IT supporting the processes under total cost and customer level. The process, concept or IT cannot work separately. Information is critical for success as well as the reliability of demand. Forecast and planning important to know when demand change. Transportation is also important for this system. If the transport distance is long, the container has to be big. The size of the container is influenced by time (transport). Transport is via sea only use air in case of emergency. If transport takes a long time or is unreliable then more inventory needs to be kept.Gent is the biggest Volvo manufacturer. Terrines transport the parts from Sweden to Belgium. The shorter the interval of the shipping service, the lower the level of inventory required. This can make the transport expensive. So its the total cost that is important that will Supply chain 2 definitions (see slide) its a network, not port to port. In logistics there is no procurement. The 2 key words in logistics are flow and storage. Supply chain includes manufacture. Transformation = manufacturing. 1st law of dynamics dont create anything, only change the form. Supply chain includes much more than logistics.Logistics narrowly defined. Supply chain is broader. Procurement also concerned with about origin of the goods. Optimization Integration Collaboration Synchronization Optimization optimize one stage, the entire thing is not optimized so integration has to take place then consolidation then synchronization (concerted manner, happening in the same time). Relationship a long supply chain. Start from optimization to synchronization. The idea of supply chain is relatively recent compared to logistics. 1960/ass people start to talk about total cost. E. G. In stage one warehousing and transport are separate functions.Management focus was operations performance. No integration. Logistics integrated both to see how they can be optimized. This is called total cost management. So the focus changed to optimizing total cost and customer service. Customer service put together with cost. Organization design is a centralized function. 80,s integrated logistics function. This moved today to supply chain MGM. Put logistics together to get supply chain. Supply chain broader than logistics. Stage 1 -separately treated, not optimized. Optimization done within the company. Optimize internal functions transportation and inventory.Intra company and intra functional. This function is a logistics function. The logistics function today is moving still in the company but inter functional. Everything in the company put together integration. Toyota inter company higher level of integration. Toyota owns the supplier easier to do KIT. Companies are integrated supply chain Inter company and inter functional. Dell and their suppliers are integrated. Also Wall-Mart. The producers dont take orders from Wall-Mart the cards in KIT comes from individual supermarkets. Producers can check storage level of Wall-Mart outlets.Everything is totally integrated. No personal intervention to place order etc. The system is integrated good supply chain inter company. Next Slide From fragmented logistics to integrated supply chain. In the fist stage do one function at a time inventory or warehouse or transport. In the later stage, intra functional the whole function optimized. From fragmented logistics to integrated SCM. Suppliers, manufacturer, distributor, retailer, customer are all integrated with he other functions in the company and go to the next stage you i ntegrate between the functions in the companies and between the companies.This is interception and will become in the true sense a supply chain. Supply chain broader today than the logistics. SC have to work with other companies. To satisfy your customers require more than one company need supplier, manufacturer, distributor, and retailer. E. G. Markers their system integrated with some of their key customers key client management. Copras definition of supply chain. Within an organization there is a supply chain. Egg. WHOM, teaching, supply services, library, canteen, etc. Al depots. Work together to satisfy customer. SC decisions have to have supply chain design and strategy.Strategic level, medium term, short term operational, daily and based on the companys competitive strategy. Michael porter define competitive strategy in terms of product differentiation or cost cutting leadership. How to achieve strategy SC strategy. Balance bet. Efficiency and responsiveness. How to respo nd to demand? Efficiency includes cost-effectiveness, I. E. Cheap. Fast response this is provided at a cost. Efficiency might compromise cost. Decision making is from lower level to higher. Many competitive strategies come from SC strategy. Wall-Mart is from logistics.Dell is from Supply chain Beer game Once demand is variable SC difficult to maintain. KIT difficult to maintain. Long time to reach an equilibrium. In the end have to keep large inventory. Once demand is unstable KIT is not suitable. SC Design. Planning is important. SC design is about planning. When suppliers design their supply chain maritime and port services is a part of that. So mapping is important. Stockholders point is storage. Horizontal line represents move. When it stops vertical lines = storage or waiting. Egg. BBC container tracking. This is SC mapping.Horizontal line is lead-time (time from production centre 1 to production centre 2). Lead time depends on inventory to determine when order is to be place d. SC starts from the fiber and end with the clothes on the shelf. Through this we see pipeline length and volume. E. G, coca cola. Postponement of safety stock What is postponement? H and Ezra they use postponement principle. Clothes must be in fashion. Dont know faction of 09. Try to postpone as much as possible the manufacturing time. Forecast, ii, postpone. Dell also uses this strategy. Dont develop their machines until last moment.Can use the latest technology and the price gets cheaper. Anticipate time needed and kind of product needed. Decision is postponed to the last moment. Postponement principle can reduce stock. Has bearing on transport too. Better information flow will impact SC. Next slide Sometimes for material flow speed might not be appreciated. Transport is used as storage to adjust transport time to match with performance. Sometimes its because of the price. E. G. Iron ore in China, there is too much now. Information speed is always good but for material sometime s it needs to be fast and other times not so fast.Compression of lead-time in manufacturing activity. Supply chain map length (vertical) volume (horizontal) try to compress it to see possibilities to reduce some of the variable. Ocean transport cant be adjusted as speed cant be reduced. SC design. Lead-time is transport. Port of Amsterdam case study summary Market research likelihood to attract new carriers / guarantee balance and supply (elasticity). When port built no congestion in Europe more port than ships. Impossible to get firm commitment plenty choices. More supply than demand. Demand price inelastic. Shipping companies never give guarantees.Optimization, integration, collaboration, synchronization. Have to synchronize. Increase speed of one operations but the speed of other things remained unchanged. No synchronization. If the discharged boxes cannot be moved this is a logistics problem. The concept of logistics most important total cost. Port of Amsterdam forgot tot al cost. Typical failure case that should never have been done. Restricted berths bigger ships cannot fit in today size is restrictive. How wide and long should ship be. (Panama Canal has size restriction and is thus a constraint ships in the Asian