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Sunday, March 31, 2019

Impact Of The Creative City Theory Cultural Studies Essay

Impact Of The yeasty metropolis Theory ethnic Studies EssayThe yeasty city has become an amazingly popular imagination in recent eld. Along with the appearance of Richard Floridas book The Rise of the Creative Class (2002), and Charles Landrys The Creative City (2000), it seems that e real city is developing a yeasty city insurance. At the same time, the productive city opinion is under serious debate in the academic world.Nevertheless, a diffuseing exists between the academic literature that discusses the organic evolution of the seminal city on a conceptual level, and the actual insurance information in undivided cities. On the i hand, many cities base their policies on limited starting times. These allow the meets of Landry and Florida. On the other hand, cities excise over the content of sure-fire fanciful city policies much(prenominal) as Barcelona or Lille. They update their take policies then with the concept of the seminal city (Chatterton, 2000, p. 392). In a analogous vein, Russo and Van der Borg (2010, p.686) state that the relation between gardening and urban scotch remains Brobdingnagianly a black box in which cities pop off like amateurs. Accordingly, inventive city insurance tends to be ad hoc quite a than moving towards the professionalization of creative activities (cf. Jayne, in Evans, 2009, p. 1011).In the next chapters, firstly, we go away summarize quickly academic literature explaining the concept of the creative city in more detail. certifyly, we volition re visible horizon policies of quaternion Dutch cities expound by Kooijman and Romein (2007) to find out more about the presence of creative city elements. Finally, we try to find out what the impact of the creative city scheme on practice policies authenticly be. In the discussion on that point be a fewer critics that dumbfound some kindle points of view and we contemplate on the usefulness for my graduation discover.Concept of the Cr eative CityKnowledge- base activities ar of crucial importance for the increment in modern urban economies. Some characteral economists claim that local thuds of linked industries and institutions in specific sectors ar essential elements for urban competitiveness. People-based perspectives emphasize the importance of extremely adept and well educated pull iners as the several(prenominal)ise to stinting victory. Although many members of the creative stratum argon high-educated, Richard Florida stressed in his books (Florida, 2002, 2005) the importance of creative natural endowment for economic offset. Following his train of vox populi, it is primarily the capacity to generate unfermented ideas, refreshful acquaintance and technologies, and smart forms and content, and the ability to solve complex problems, that determines whether technologically-advanced companies finalize to locate and invest in a city. Floridas assumption is that jobs follow muckle, quite a t han that people follow jobs. Local economic policy should hence be primarily aimed at close ining creative people rather than business. It is a well-known(a) fact that creative people prefer urban lay outs with an attractive life sentence environment, a ripe(p) forest of place. If a city can post this, creative people will settle, and investment in creative, productive activities will follow. According to Florida, this means that places have driven back companies as key organizing units in our economy. By means of the metaphor of the 3Ts, he sums up the qualities of places technology, giving and gross profit. Technological capacity is seen as a prerequisite for economic success flows of geniused people are regarded essential, since these are the carriers of creativeness and tolerance is thought of as the crucial magnet, the supply-side foundation upon which creative clusters are built (Peck, 2005, p.746). as well as the 3Ts, there is a broad array of other factors that the creative class takes in mind when making decisions. On the basis of both abstractive and operational findings, Trip (2007, p. 31) concluded that diversity, specific amenities, liveliness and culture are key-concepts that generate a creative life packed full of intense, high-quality, flat experiences. It can likewise be assumed that creative talent attaches abundant importance to the presence of third places which are neither home nor work, simply forms of outdoor vacuous and entertainment where information and ideas can be cloakchanged (Florida, 2002). This is not seen as an activity which is strictly separated from work and only engage at certain times of the day, but rather as something which interacts with work in a process of personal and favorable creative growth. It is interesting to crinkle that Floridas thesis builds on the notion that former launch dichotomies such as culture versus economy, work versus empty, production versus role (Mommaas, 1999, p. 177) are fitting less relevant in understanding how an increasing number of people live in cities, and how individual cities prosper.Policies in PracticeTo get a better inside in the carrying out of the creative city system in the policies in practice I will give an bill of the policies in four largest Dutch cities investigated by Kooijman and Romein (2007). They do a methodological manikin using the policy philosophy model essential by Vermeijden (2001). In this model there is made a distinction between three major(ip) comp unitarynts. The normative core contains the basic principles and guidelines of urban policy that consists of the motivation and legitimation of plans and proposals. The policy core is based on concepts, strategies, themes, programs and policy objectives. It elaborates the normative core into policies. The secondary aspects consist of the practical core of implementation includes the legal, administrative, financial and organisational framework.capital of The N etherlandsEconomic policy in capital of The Netherlands views as a key concept for economic performance. Currently the city is concentering on both banks of the IJ river and in the Eastern Port Area, by realizing large consumption venues, including a film museum. They are similarly beef up the loss leadering card of public spaces (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2004a), urban life-time (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2003a, 2005), and the city as a consumer environment. The city doesnt exclusively counsel on the creative class, nor at highly dexterous workers. This because of the fact that the city already more than 50 per cent highly expert workers. quite the city aims both to encourage creative talent to settle and tourists to visit. Interesting is that they dont distinguish different target groups. They claim that if the city is attractive to its inhabitants that it is also attractive to creative talent and tourists. Nevertheless, the last few years they paid more attention to their traditio nal characteristic tolerance and open atmosphere. Recently the Spatial Planning Department replaced its top-down, supply side, design- cerebrate training approach. They are experimenting with a more demand-side and the role of the local governing body as mediator. They are actively searching for target groups, costumers and market players to sort into product-market combinations. Amsterdam sees city and region as belonging together. Amsterdam and Almere have thus recently developed the concept of twin city. Amsterdam has also contracted on sanctioning production with the Science Park Amsterdam. This cluster of high tech industries is an early recitation of Dutch knowledge-based urban development policy. With regard to creative and ethnical industries, since 1999, the city has invested in a broedplaatsenbeleid. This new policy was the subject of the clearing large-scale old buildings and a boom in the mysterious construction of commercial mainstream developments. Affordable lo cations for new creative green lights became progressively scarce. And several of the initiatives moved to other cities. This made the local government realize that a valuable kind of economic capital was being destroyed. The policy aimed to take abandoned factories, warehouses, and similar buildings out of the property market, and place them at the governance of small-scale, start-up enterprises in the creative and heathen industries. They did this, to provide affordable working and living spaces. (Van Ulzen, 2007, p. 181). The only other initiative to strengthen creative production has been the reality of an inventory of creative businesses, including characteristics of their production environments. To provide an empirical basis for executable future policies. (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2003b, 2006a, 2006b).UtrechtIn Utrecht in the policy there is a focus on consumer environments illustrious as well. Two documents (Gemeente Utrecht, 203b, 2003c) aim at the strengthening of the i nner city as a hospitable meeting place. hereby there lies an violence on the hospitability sector and the blank sector. The leisure note (2003b) seek to attract more visitors to Utrecht in parliamentary law to make jobs and revenues. speckle the Economic Note (2003c) positions Utrecht as a meeting place for talent. This should draw people to live and work in the city. notwithstanding, this talent could be describe rather highly trained than creative. Those twain documents reglect an entrepreneurial approach. This is also wassail in the history on nicety (Gemeente Utrecht, 2005), where the economic voltage of consumer environments is the for the first time priority of the policy-makers. The consumption-oriented policy in Utrecht tries to a achieve culture and leisure services in specific theatre of operationss of the city. The emphasis lies here on the city center. The intention is to create a consumption environment with new shops, catering, ethnical services and nigh tlife activities. The purpose here is to compete successfully with Amsterdam. In entree, arena developments have been planned around the central railway station. In the Leidsche Rijn center there is developed a second heart that would generate 80,000 new residents and 40,000 new jobs. These projects include large scale consumption programs. A new music hall, multiplex cinema and a multi-purpose theatre. Finally, large-scale mono-functional sell, sports and recreation projects are planned at the edges of the city. All of these projects reflect the ambition of Utrecht to become a leisure center of national importance. Policy in Utrecht focuses explicitly on reinforcing the pagan and creative production than Amsterdam (Hogeschool voor de Kunsten, 2005). Just like Amsterdam did, Utrecht mapped out its creative sector, but the intention of Utrecht is to use this map really as tool for strengthening the creative production. The municipal departments of Economy and Culture are attempt ing to support creative companies by equipping seedbeds and multi-tenant buildings. Utrecht is hereby more explicitly geared towards economic goals than Amsterdam. This is reflected in Utrechts explicit intention to cleanse the quality of cultural and creative entrepreneurship. Of all four cities, Utrecht is the only one that is engaged ina regional platform of municipalities, collaborating on production. The objective of this is strengthening networks of creative and artistic businesses with other institutions and companies like, educational institutes and banks. The city has a close bond with the Province via the long term cultural program, Vrede van Utrecht (Treaty of Utrecht, 1713). In the years coming to the third centenary of the Treaty, there will be make many events. Investments in cultural production will be made that explicitly aim to position Utrecht on the international map of cultural destinations. The focus is not limited to cultural and creative industries. The Eco nomic Memorandum (Gemeente Utrecht, 2003c) focuses on other sectors as well. Business and medical services. The latter is an congresswoman of knowledge-based urban development. The aim is to strengthen cerebrate between educational and look for institutes, healthcare services, and fabrication. The approach is more explicitly entrepreneurial than Amsterdam . thither is a finer balance between the consumption and production based policies.RotterdamThe production and consumption-oriented policies in Rotterdam are to be concerned of the grown cognisance that the city has about the fact that it lies behind the other three major cities. Due to relatively strong orientation on capital-intensive manufacturing and logistics, lowly skilled labour force, and a low intensity of knowledge (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2004b). The aim of its consumption oriented policy is to improve the citys attractiveness for residents, visitors, and tourists. This policy has clear economic roots, although the rela tive strength of the economic perspective differs between local government departments and agencies. The municipal Department of Art Cultures Cultural Plan 2005-2008 (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2003) fructifys major mixer and educational goals forward. The mission statements of the Ontwikkelingsbedrijf Rotterdam (OBR) and the Economic Developmetn Board of Rotterdam (EBDR) are spatial economic in nature. Their consumption oriented policy clearly reflects an entrepreneurial approach. The OBR chaired the inter departmental Working Group that was responsible for developing the vision of the citys leisure and entertainment provision in 2001( Gemeente Rotterdam, 2001). This vision connected twenty-four locations ( approximatelyly in the center and on the waterfront) with ten different leisure themes (shopping, modern architecture, cultural heritage, sports and port, maritime and water related activities. Specific combination of themes was developed for for each one location. The vision acted as a framework for inviting entrepreneurs form the leisure industry to invest in the city (Gemeente Rotterdam, OBR, 2004c). Like Utrecht, Rotterdam, explicitly aspires to strechthen its leisure economy. And they also acknowledge the importance of large consumption projects in area development programs. Indeed, the building, extension, and renovation of sports facilities, multiplex cinemas, theatres and museums have been features of urban policy since the 1970s. Furthermore, Rotterdam places significant emphasis on large scale, outdoor summer festivals. In 2005, Rotterdam won the field Festival City of the Year award for the second time. Rotterdam has developed a policy that focuses directly on encouraging creative production. This is more explicitly than Amsterdam and in a more elaborate way than Utrecht. This is emphatic in the Economic Vision 2020 memorandum (Gemeente Rotterdam, EDB, 2004a). This is even further developed in two policy documents (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2005b Gemeen te Rotterdam, EDBR, 2006). The former reflects the priority assigned to the development of audio-visual expertise in competition rather than cooperation with other cities. Rotterdam makes work of creativity is a more general policy document that denominates four smart creative sectors for further development. The document distinguishes four types of creative zones. Those are areas where designated policies fire concentrations of creative businesses. Visibility through clustering is considered as a given for a successful creative-sector development. The intention is that the creative cluster, the medical cluster and the portbound industries should create the international profile of Rotterdam in the near future (Gemeente Rotterdam, EDBR, 2004a). For the creative cluster in particular, the local government aims to focus on improving the citys quality of place.. This in order to attract and retain students and other creative people. However the most policy initiatives concerned the Creative City aim on more on production instead. This includes the upgrading of entrepreneurship and improvement of adjustment of the knowledge theme to creative production (Gemeente Rotterdam, OBR, 2005a Gemeente Rotterdam EDBR, 2006). The role of the local government in the elaborateness of these three sectors of local economy is to facilitate the process of cooperation between businesses , knowledge institutes and municipal departments. In some locations, there are policies aiming to improve urban consumption and strengthen creative production are being unite with large scale area redevelopment programs. In the Lloydkwartier and the Kop van Zuid, leisure, residential developments for the new middle class are being developed on board cultural and creative sectores. The Kop van Zuid had already been designated as a strategic urban development program in the early 1980s (Ter Borg and Dijkink, 1992). Amsterdams IJ-oever and Utrechts primeval Station area are also focusing on area redevelopment, but not so explicitly in support of creative production.The HagueThe Hague is a city that attaches a great deal of importance to culture. It seeks to strengthen forms of small-scale cultural production by stimulating these to interlink with consumption. The keyword is desegregation and the intention is that producers of culture should be more open to the public. Moreover, the intention is that established actors should themselves open up to local producers, to create public for the latter. However, local memoranda (Gemeente Den Haag, 2005a, 2005b) state that no changes are needed with respect to retail policy. Leisure policy is less relevant tot the creative city. It is consumption-oriented, and aimed at larg-scale facilities in general and the business tourist in particular. Two areas in The Hague conspicuously represent this approach. The city center and the Scheveningen beach resort. A notable aspect of the local policy is the potential link between culture an eco nomy. There is a suggestion that previously separate policy areas and social domains could be linked to great effect. Linkage is needed in order to allow different economic sectors to profit from one another. The city is actively using its real estate to implement local policy. The city region of The Hague has perhaps the highest amount of inter-municipal co-operation in the four largest Dutch cities. Comparable with Amsterdams proactive approach, The Hague is initiating meeting to answer the interests of cultural producers. A large number of networks are being organized in order to bring the relevant parties together. Producers, theatres and real estate owners (Gemeente Den Haag, 2005c, 2005d). However, discussions exist about the border of the city. Retail and leisure are issues of discussion with secondary cities in the environment (Stadsgewest Haaglanden, 2002, 2006) In addition The Hague is holding talks with Delft about developing the ICT sector. hotshot clear advantage is t he location of the University of Technology. The Hague is in discussion with the secondary city of Leiden on the come-at-able relocation of part of the citys university to The Hague. Knowledge based urban development is and increasingly important field of urban policy making. The Hague is at disadvantage as it is the only one of the four largest cities without an university. The policy discourse is at least(prenominal) as explicitly entrepreneurial as that of the other three cities. Altough the two directions, the stimulation of large scale consumption projects and the stimulation of cultural industries, are present in all the four cities. The policy of The Hague is most openly entrepreneurial due to the formulation of specific product-market combinations. The municipality is looking for enceinte spenders. Tourists or high income workers that not yet live in the city. The city aspires to be business-like and a reliable partner(Gemeente Den Haag, 2005e)Impact of the Creative City theoryThe four cities have adopted strengthening competitiveness for post-industrial economic growth as a main objective. Just like Florida (2005) they try to attract the highly mobile flow of creative talent. Though the impact of Floridas work it has hardly impact on discussions on the policys normative core. However one interprets Floridas position on the social aspects of the creative economy, this has played no big role in this debate in the Netherlands. Lastly the plea for an open and tolerant social climate in cities does neither appear to have had a significant impact on Dutch policy. The multicultural sympathetic Dutch climate, on the contrary, has changed towards the adjustment of diversity to fit the Dutch cultural values and norms. The debate about social inequality, is an issue in Dutch cities, but is separate from the debate on the value and utility of Floridas thesis.The policy core aims to achieve a strong competitive position and good economic performance. Regardles s of Floridas aversion on standardized and tightly-scheduled forms of consumption the four cities have planned and developed these new commercial programs anyway. The four cities focus less on improving hard to grasp place quality. Instead they do on direct and explicit support of economic production. One of the tactics of the government is to put old buildings at the disposal of creative producers. The four cities do not have blind faith in the notion that jobs follow when a high quality consumption for the creative class is established. The policies involve small scale production of cultural activities and creative businesses in Rotterdam and the cultural sector in The Hague. However, they pay at least attention to the clusters based on knowledge and the medical clusters in Utrecht and Rotterdam. Moreover, Floridas most important argument, of the creative class, is not prominent in the current policies. kind of the cities aim at attracting graduates and highly trained professiona ls, to boost scientific knowledge-based sectors, as well attracting visitors and tourists.One obvious aspect is the cooperative network that links institutions with young talented creative producers. For instance in Utrecht the educational institutes took the initiative over the government. The perspective, however, is more local, and cooperation between different municipalities is limited. The impact of Florida on the organisational framework is very(prenominal) limited because he doesnt really gives specific details in his books.Conclusion DiscussionThe influence of the Creative City theory is considered very limited in the urban policies of the largest four Dutch cities. Floridas vision on urban economic development fits so good that it hardly adds something new. incomplete regarding social development nor tolerance had a significant impact on the four cities. The emphasis of Florida lies on creative people, while the policies use the punctuate creative for production. Florid as thesis appears to be little more than a source of inspiration that has been interpreted widely, in order to stimulate creative industries in the context of broader economic growth. There has been no development of governance arrangements that stick out to a more competitive city.Important reprovals these days on the potential of the Creative City theory on sustainable economic growth are. It is a long way from the improvement of qualities of place to economic growth. Second Atzema (2007) states that it is extremely difficult to define who belongs to the creative class and who doesnt. Another criticism is that the suggested interrelation between living, working and leisure is extremely difficult to put into practice (Van Dalm, 2007) Finally Floridas model is typical North American metropolitan area. Very different than the Dutch urban environment, this demands that issues related to qualities of place should be place in a different perspective.For my graduation project this ret rospect study has been quite useful. It made me see how different Dutch cities are dealing with creativity in their policies. My project is in Amsterdam which makes it very interesting to notice how other cities are dealing with the same issues. This brought me also more to the understanding that the success of the creative industries are really place specific, while those place qualities are difficult to plan. Therefore those strategies are believably most successful on temporary bases in non planned environment. Desolated industrial areas are really suitable since they have a strong moxie of identity. Furthermore it is interesting to see how the implementation of theory in this example is overestimated. Creativity is used as label for production. This insight provides my graduation project with numerous long term possibilities while the creative industries can be used in the trajectory transformation.

Constructivist Curriculum Framework for Maths and Science

Constructivist Curriculum Framework for Maths and apprehension through investigating his world, a sm altogether fry uses natural curiosity to say theories and pee-pee intimacy. Incorporating good-looking ideas into the curriculum, t apieceers piece of tail engage tiddlerren as they develop a deeper collar of notions that ar related (Chaill Davis, 2016). Further hold ining tykerens learn, valuements be life-or-death in formulating instruction, and apprehending what a tiddler knows and fuck do. A shutdown of the afores wait on(prenominal) strategies on the wholeow be discussed, in relation to the constructivist larn surmisal.Constructivism surmiseConstructivism attainment theory is a philosophy which enhances students rational and conceptual egression. The prefatory supposal within constructivism, is the function experiences, or connections, play in a childs learnedness. In an attempt to understand his world, a child reflects on his experiences to wee y outhful familiarity (Chaill Davis, 2016). A child is an active participant in creating knowledge. When he encounters roundthing mod, he reconciles it with previous ideas, abandons irrelevant in administration, and generates unfermented knowledge. Constructivism does not dangle the decisive role t from each adepters play in facilitating learning. Teachers ar slavish in creating the learning environment, as well as opport social unities for theory-building through utilizing big ideas (Chaill Davis, 2016). through and through the direction of an expert, a child is encouraged to learn at a higher(prenominal) level.Theory-construction in Young ChildrenThe constructivists approach views children with a natural desire to understand his or her world. To comprehend, a child develops theories, seeks the theories, and constructs new knowledge ground on the results and what he already knows While teaching a unit on animals, students became particularly interested in penguins, and w hy they behave fly just now do not fly. The teacher decides to tout ensembleow the children to boost explore penguins as part of a research unit. The children scratch that penguins use their move to swim, and argon excellent swimmers. This discovery prompted some students to develop a theory that tout ensemble animals with wings be good swimmers. The teacher schedules a turning to the local anesthetic zoo to observe several winged animals some of which who swim, and some who do not. During the visit, students had several questions closely specific animals, and began to understand that not all animals who have wings tin swim. The children initially seed all animals with wings can fly. after learning that penguins have wings, but use them to swim, the students understood that not all animals with wings can fly. They then adjust their thinking once again to believe all animals with wings can swim. Through this bear on of theory-building, the students constructed new knowl edge about winged animals.Big Ideas in InstructionBuilding on topics that interest children, big ideas provide structure that conjure up further learning (Chaill Davis, 2016). Utilizing big ideas, children develop a curiosity about concepts, and argon part able to make sense of otherwise isolated facts. letteredness concepts that are connected to an overarching idea, detain more comprehensive understanding (Chaill Davis, 2016). A big idea that can be employ in the earlyish puerility come apartroom, is the big idea relationships. Engaging students through the study of fraternity jocks, and how they can help them, could encompass several(a) areas of the curriculum. medicament can be incarnate as songs are sung about various conjunction helper jobs. Exploring community helper vehicles, students would have the opportunity to sort teeny-weeny miniature vehicles according to characteristics, or finger paint a hand over of the vehicles. These activities promote fine mot or skills. An art component can in addition be integrated, as children draw, or finger paint pictures of the vehicle that are used to help the community. Playing various helpers jobs, could create opportunities for children to explore and discover how various shots are used to perform the jobs. This can overly suck up give-and-take about the exchange of goods or services. Through play, children will act with each other and the environment, developing interest in the big ideas that snare them (Chaill Davis, 2016). Music and movement can be incorporated as children guggle songs about the helpers, and pretend to do each job.Assessing Math and Science estimates should support a childs learning of math and science concepts. Appropriate assessment rules are racy to evaluating what a child has learned, and forming future instruction. When assessing young childrens conceptual nurture in math and science, educators must consider the course of development for each child, as well a s his or her culture and background (Chaill Davis, 2016). paygrade of the skills learned by young children must rely upon practices that fit evaluate learning skills and behavior for their stage, and adjust as hold to support growth and development. posing specific open-ended questions, assessments should be conducted in various settings, including unanimous group, and one on one situations to acquire an actual picture of the childs assureation of concepts (Chaill Davis, 2016). judgment Guides InstructionThe overall objective of assessments, is to assist teachers in fashioning appropriate instructional decisions regarding how to best teach children. Each childs learning should be assessed as part of an ongoing cycle of computer programning, documenting, and evaluation. Following, or during instruction, an assessment is conducted and analyze to devise decisions to re-teach, offer further support, or proceed with the current plan (Chaill Davis, 2016).Assessment Documentati onDocumentation includes, gathering and analyzing information about childrens knowledge and is decisive to the do work of assessing childrens learning. Through various types of documentation, evidence of a childs though process is preserved to support the teachers analysis (Chaill Davis, 2016).Two forms of documentation that support assessments are, recording comments of children as they work and, compiling a book of childrens illustrations (Chaill Davis, 2016). put down children, and their parley while working, provides significant information regarding the learning and thought process. As children are encouraged to make representations of their learning, and provided with the tools necessary, they can represent their understanding of a concept (Chaill Davis, 2016). The finished product can be compiled into a class book and serve as documentation of their learning. Both methods are multipurpose when discussing set ahead with the child, or with families.Interviewing for Ass essmentConsisting of four main parts, the flexible question allows the child to manipulate materials as he or she explains their thought process (Chaill Davis, 2016). This method gives the teacher insight into the childs thinking Conducting an interview is an effective tool to assess childrens understanding of math and science concepts. Interviewing gathers valuable information that will aid the teacher in understanding the childs thinking, and plan effective lessons that regard the ask of each child (Chaill Davis, 2016).ConclusionThe constructivist approach focuses on a child constructing learning based on his experiences. Because of his desire to comprehend the world, a child will build and apply theories to develop understanding, resulting in the formation of new learning. The teacher can aid children in learning at a higher level, by implementing big ideas in the curriculum. Assessments are also instrumental in promoting a childs learning. Assessments in math and science ca n inform a teacher about what the child knows and can do. In the absence of assessments, teaching would be comprised of lessons and activities that move forward, whether they make sense, or a child understands or not. Through assessment, and documentation, instruction is formulated to meet the require of all children.ReferencesChaill, C., Davis, S. M. (2016). Integrating math and science in early childhood classrooms through big ideas A constructivist approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc.Through investigating his world, a child uses natural curiosity to formulate theories and construct knowledge. Incorporating big ideas into the curriculum, teachers can engage children as they develop a deeper understanding of concepts that are related (Chaill Davis, 2016). Further supporting childrens learning, assessments are crucial in formulating instruction, and understanding what a child knows and can do. A culmination of the aforementioned strategies will be discussed, in relation to the constructivist learning theory.Constructivism TheoryConstructivism learning theory is a philosophy which enhances students rational and conceptual growth. The basic premise within constructivism, is the function experiences, or connections, play in a childs learning. In an attempt to understand his world, a child reflects on his experiences to build new knowledge (Chaill Davis, 2016). A child is an active participant in creating knowledge. When he encounters something new, he reconciles it with previous ideas, abandons irrelevant information, and generates new knowledge. Constructivism does not dismiss the crucial role teachers play in facilitating learning. Teachers are instrumental in creating the learning environment, as well as opportunities for theory-building through utilizing big ideas (Chaill Davis, 2016). Through the guidance of an expert, a child is encouraged to learn at a higher level.Theory-Building in Young ChildrenThe constructivists approach view s children with a natural desire to understand his or her world. To comprehend, a child develops theories, explores the theories, and constructs new knowledge based on the results and what he already knows While teaching a unit on animals, students became particularly interested in penguins, and why they have wings but do not fly. The teacher decides to allow the children to further explore penguins as part of a research unit. The children discover that penguins use their wings to swim, and are excellent swimmers. This discovery prompted some students to develop a theory that all animals with wings are good swimmers. The teacher schedules a tour to the local zoo to observe several winged animals some of which who swim, and some who do not. During the visit, students had several questions about specific animals, and began to understand that not all animals who have wings can swim. The children initially believed all animals with wings can fly. After learning that penguins have wings, but use them to swim, the students understood that not all animals with wings can fly. They then adjust their thinking again to believe all animals with wings can swim. Through this process of theory-building, the students constructed new knowledge about winged animals.Big Ideas in InstructionBuilding on topics that interest children, big ideas provide structure that promote further learning (Chaill Davis, 2016). Utilizing big ideas, children develop a curiosity about concepts, and are better able to make sense of otherwise isolated facts. Learning concepts that are connected to an overarching idea, support more comprehensive understanding (Chaill Davis, 2016). A big idea that can be used in the early childhood classroom, is the big idea relationships. Engaging students through the study of community helpers, and how they can help them, could encompass various areas of the curriculum. Music can be incorporated as songs are sung about various community helper jobs. Exploring commu nity helper vehicles, students would have the opportunity to sort small toy vehicles according to characteristics, or finger paint a picture of the vehicles. These activities promote fine motor skills. An art component can also be integrated, as children draw, or finger paint pictures of the vehicle that are used to help the community. Playing various helpers jobs, could create opportunities for children to explore and discover how various tools are used to perform the jobs. This can also invite discussion about the exchange of goods or services. Through play, children will interact with each other and the environment, developing interest in the big ideas that frame them (Chaill Davis, 2016). Music and movement can be incorporated as children sing songs about the helpers, and pretend to do each job.Assessing Math and ScienceAssessments should support a childs learning of math and science concepts. Appropriate assessment methods are vital to evaluating what a child has learned, and forming future instruction. When assessing young childrens conceptual development in math and science, educators must consider the course of development for each child, as well as his or her culture and background (Chaill Davis, 2016). Evaluation of the skills learned by young children must rely upon practices that fit expected learning skills and behavior for their stage, and adjust as appropriate to support growth and development. Posing specific open-ended questions, assessments should be conducted in various settings, including whole group, and one on one situations to acquire an actual picture of the childs comprehension of concepts (Chaill Davis, 2016).Assessment Guides InstructionThe overall objective of assessments, is to assist teachers in making appropriate instructional decisions regarding how to best teach children. Each childs learning should be assessed as part of an ongoing cycle of planning, documenting, and evaluation. Following, or during instruction, an assessme nt is conducted and analyzed to formulate decisions to re-teach, offer further support, or proceed with the current plan (Chaill Davis, 2016).Assessment DocumentationDocumentation includes, gathering and analyzing information about childrens knowledge and is vital to the process of assessing childrens learning. Through various types of documentation, evidence of a childs though process is preserved to support the teachers analysis (Chaill Davis, 2016).Two forms of documentation that support assessments are, recording comments of children as they work and, compiling a book of childrens illustrations (Chaill Davis, 2016). Recording children, and their conversation while working, provides significant information regarding the learning and thought process. As children are encouraged to make representations of their learning, and provided with the tools necessary, they can represent their understanding of a concept (Chaill Davis, 2016). The finished product can be compiled into a cla ss book and serve as documentation of their learning. Both methods are useful when discussing progress with the child, or with families.Interviewing for AssessmentConsisting of four main parts, the flexible interview allows the child to manipulate materials as he or she explains their thought process (Chaill Davis, 2016). This method gives the teacher insight into the childs thinking Conducting an interview is an effective tool to assess childrens understanding of math and science concepts. Interviewing gathers valuable information that will aid the teacher in understanding the childs thinking, and plan effective lessons that meet the needs of each child (Chaill Davis, 2016).ConclusionThe constructivist approach focuses on a child constructing learning based on his experiences. Because of his desire to comprehend the world, a child will build and apply theories to develop understanding, resulting in the formation of new learning. The teacher can aid children in learning at a highe r level, by implementing big ideas in the curriculum. Assessments are also instrumental in promoting a childs learning. Assessments in math and science can inform a teacher about what the child knows and can do. In the absence of assessments, teaching would be comprised of lessons and activities that move forward, whether they make sense, or a child understands or not. Through assessment, and documentation, instruction is formulated to meet the needs of all children.ReferencesChaill, C., Davis, S. M. (2016). Integrating math and science in early childhood classrooms through big ideas A constructivist approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, Inc.

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Money Laundering Control in Nigeria

nones Laundering Control in Nigeria specie washINTRODUCTIONThis dissertation look ats a contri scarceion to the worrying issues of capital make clean in Nigeria and the control mechanism in spite of appearance the economy. Money make clean is a global caper which warranted a declaration by the linked Nations. The declaration strongly condemns gold launder because it aids the use of monetary systems for adulterous drug craftking and other(prenominal) serious iniquitys such as terrorism. For interpreter the work of Okogbule on (Official depravity and the dynamics of specie launder in Nigeria 2007), and the work Chukwumerie on (Nigerias Money Laundering (prohibition) travel, 2004 A tighter noose, 2004), and the work of Chibuike (Ethics in Nigerian Banking, 2004), all these scholars did not give a look at the intrusting sector in regard to notes wash compliance and if Nigeria, is real regulating according to global practicing. There fore(prenominal), that gi ves the exploreer more(prenominal) effort in looking inwards to the banks, since that is where large achievement hit the bookss go down.THE OVERVIEW OF MONEY make cleanThe research project is on Money wash Control in Nigeria, and how it has been a very serious business in that nation especially in new-made times during the noncombatant administration, (Chukwuemerie, 2006). But it is not only Nigeria, which its affecting, it is a menace in the wholly world that pull down bespeak the building blocked Nations making a declaration strongly condemning laundering of keeping through and through the illicit drug trafficking and other serious crime, as nearly as the use of the monetary systems of the states for that purpose, (UN Resolution S- 20/4 D) certify up from around the world proves this view. concord to Walker, (1999), around $2.85bn is been laundered course of instructionly around the globe. Again, for employment the linked Kingdom Goernment recently issue a check let knocked out(p) of nonp beil hundred and fifty thousand (150,000) pounds to the Attorney General of Nigeria, as constituent of the homecoming laundered by a condition Governor in Nigeria (Joshua Dariye), also a cheque for $2 million belonging to creator regulator of Bayelsa pass on, Chief Diepreye Alamieyeseigha, was also returned to Nigeria by the British judicature and promised to returned the reduce matter of Fourty Million (40,000,000) pounds regain from some Nigerian Government Officials (Oyedele, 2008)THE INTERNATIONAL hold AGAINST MONEY LAUNDERINGMoney laundering has been a global problem since the beginning of the 20th century. Uche (2007) relate that in that respect were 12 multilateral drug treaties between 1912 and 1972. These treaties helped in regulating the manufacturing and trading of drugs worldwide (United Nations, 1987). For instance, Nadelemann (1988) news opuss the United Nations acceptance of the i serve ups of Vienna Convention on illicit traffic of narcotic drugs and psychedelic substances. The convention emphasises on tracking down the wealth of finances launderers. bind 5(2) of the Vienna convention provides that distributively party must enact municipal laws to enable it to identify, trace, seize, freeze, and forfeited all manner of profit derived from or use in Money laundering offences. Further all member nations ar infallible to assist other member deep down their territory in the sputter against specie laundering offences (Article 5(4b)).In 1990, the Council of Europe convention on Laundering, search, seizure and confiscation of the final payment from crime was adopted. And one of the notable differences is that it goes beyond drug related crimes.The wolfsberg, this are group of el until now banks that came together to fight money laundering. The group was general anatomyed in the year 2000, at Chateau Wolfsberg in north east of Switzerland the group released their anti money laundering principles to their residual banks, all in sight to fight money laundering.The pecuniary action Task Force (FATF) is an inter- governmental psycheate whose purpose is the development and promotion of issue and planetary policies to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.The FATF is therefore a policy-making luggage compartment created in 1989that works to generate the necessary political will to take up aboutlegislative and regulative reforms in these areas. The FATF has published 40+9Recommendations in drift to accept this objective.For example, the end of former Nigerian Head of land (Gen. Sani Abacha), $675.2m 75.3m GBP were all re go aftered by the government of Nigeria, with the attention of the other countries were the money was laundered (Shehu, 2004).MONEY LAUNDERING IN NIGERIAOkogbule (2007) argue that money laundering was relatively unknown in Nigeria up to the mid 1980s. Further, he relate that it is now being utilise as a means of corruption in e very fraction of Nigerian society. For this reason, the military government enacted a decree (which decree and when was it enacted) . Thereafter, the civilian administration that came in 1999 repealed the decree and came up with the Money Laundering (Prohibition) wreak of 2004 which gave birth to the scotch and fiscal Crimes missionary station (EFCC). Pursuant to the spell, the delegating is empowered to investigate and enlist each person or corporate body who commit both act of money laundering. For instance, a former governor in Nigeria was charged with money laundering offence for bringing into the United Kingdom the lend of 3.2 Million Dollars in 2005 (Guardian News constitution, 2005).Reiterating the laundering issue, the Chairman of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Mrs. Farida Waziri mentioned that the Nigerian government lost over 285 zillion Naira in 10 years. These tend support the argument that there is a regulation gap in the regulation of mone y laundering in Nigeria. It is in context that this research intends to look at money laundering regulations in Nigeria, so as to contribute towards developing the country.THE SCOPE OF THE teachingThe scope of the study will focus on the effectiveness money laundering regulation in the Nigerian Banking sector, and whether the Nigerian authorities drive eachthing to learn from, how Money laundering is dealt with in the world (International Standard)?AIMS OF THE STUDYThe chief(prenominal) focus of the dissertation is to find out the effectiveness of money-laundering regulations in regards to banks in Nigerian, and compare it with the international standard?The extent of money laundering in NigeriaThe effectiveness of money laundering regulations in NigeriaThe international standard on Money laundering ControlWhat less(prenominal)ons Nigeria throw out learn from thatChapter Two literary productions REVIEWCONCEPT OF MONEY LAUNDERINGMoney laundering can generally be defined as the process of converting or transferring sinful proceeds with the intention of disguising their illicit origin (UN, 2000 Art. 3(a)(i)). The extent of the problem becomes clear, considering that, in 1996, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimated the money laundering product line at around 2-5 per cent of the worlds gross domestic product (Camdessus, 1998), which amounts to up to US$1.5 trillion (Financial moveion Task Force FATF, 2007). Moreover, it is claimed that the money laundering business is the third biggest industry worldwide following the international anoint heap and foreign exchange (Preller, 2007, pp 234).In one of the definitions it says conversion transfer of either property, penetrating such property is gotten from drug related offense or even acting in the scheme to conceal the true teaching of the origin of such property in order to protect such person from facing the legal consequences of his/her action.FATF organization defines money laundering as a co ncise the processing of criminal proceeds to disguise their ineligible origin in order to legitimize the ill gotten gain of crime. faithfulness Dictionary (1990) refers to it as an investment or other transfer of money flowing from racketeering, drug exercises, and other immoral sources into legitimate channel so that its fender source cannot be traced.Money laundering has been defined as a route coin obtained from smuggled sources, and put into an account that cannot be traced for possible action Okogbule, (2007). It has also been described as the processing of bills derived from illegal or illegitimate sources, through legal pecuniary channels with a view to legitimizing and concealment or disguising the source of such funds (Osinbajo and Ajayi, 1991, Okogbule, 2007).THE EXTENT OF MONEY LAUNDERING IN NIGERIAMoney laundering was not a prominent crime in Nigeria until the late 1980s, during the period of an oil boom with a tremendous increase in the aim of tax and comme rcial activities in the country (Okogbule, 2007, pp 52).Therefore, the issue of money laundering in Nigeria it is now through the official corruption, which has been exploited by public officers in Nigeria, who incorporate companies and use as a conduit pipe by apportion some phoney contracts and lodge the money through the companies bank accounts, some(prenominal) in Nigeria and abroad, some(prenominal) millions or even billions of naira are transferred from the government treasuries (Okogbule 2007).The former Chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Nuhu Ribadu), told the BBC in 2006, that $380bn had been stolen or atrophied in Nigeria since independence.That $140m had been recovered from one unnamed former Nigerian drawing card and that nearly $400m of illegally gained assets had been identified in the possession of a former governor of Bayelsa State. Last year, Nigeria recovered $458m found in Swiss bank accounts linked to the countrys late military ruler S ani Abacha. Mr Abacha was in power from 1993 to 1998 and is estimate to perk up embezzled billions of dollars. Last year his son, Abba Sani Abacha, was charged with money laundering and fraud after being extradited to Switzerland.According to Chukwuemerie, (2006), rate of pecuniary crimes in Nigeria project a bad image abroad. And how Nigerians are been treated with turn down in the foreign land, again he talks about the crimes related to opening of account by customers, because in Nigeria, sooner the Money laundering prohibition act 2004, anyone can go and open account without a proper identification.However, the main issue is corruption that wears many faces, which are nepotism, bribery, exchequer looting, and inflation contract prices, money laundering and advance fee frauds and near of these crimes are destroying the economy of the country (Ajayi and Ososami, 2007).The display circumstance of former Head of overgorge Gen. Sani Abacha, he was accused with his cronies of embezzling over $5bn and which out of the money $2.3bn were stolen direct from the government treasury and the remaining were received as a bribes for contracts. The money was laundered in various foreign bank accounts in UK, USA, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Hong Kong (Ige, 2002, Shehu, 2004).Investigation by the UK monetary services pronouncement (FSA), the London Metropolitan Police confirmed that over $1.3bn of Abacha money passed through London (Chamberlin, 2002, Shehu, 2004, pp).Furthermore, according to a study conveyed by the Nigerian Trade and coronation Center in UK, shows that about dickens million Nigerians living in United Kingdom squander investments worth almost Ninety four Billion (94bn GBP) pounds. And out of these amounts of money 84bn is in real estate, 7bn in vehicles, composition the remaining 3bn is in mental strains and shares (Adesina and Madunagu, 2004, Malgwi, 2004).Malgwi, (2004), in his paper gives an example of former Head of State Late Gen. Sani Ab acha, fakes daughter who duped an American the chalk up of Seven Million ($7) dollars, with the pretence that her late father left(a) the sum of $100m in the central bank of Nigeria, and the account is coded. Therefore, she need his assistance with some money to bribe the officials of the apex bank to get the money out and he will get thirty (30%) percent of the money. quite a recently, a serving chief of staff to the governor of Rivers State (Ezebunwo Nyeson Wike), was caught by the Economic and fiscal Crimes Commission (EFCC), laundering the sum of N4.670 Billion (Four Billion, sise Hundred and Seventy Million Naira), which the consignment believes was public money that was deviate into his personal account (Babafemi, 2009). He has since been charged by a hook to explain the sources of the money. This is the problem with the country people in position of authority are abusing the trust people repose on them, every solar day it is misfortune even with the money laundering re gulation in place.There is no exact statistics of the amount of money been laundered in Nigeria, but below are some of the high profile cases been prosecuted by the economic and financial crimes commission from 2007 to 2009CHAPTER THREE THE MONEY LAUNDERING REGULATION IN NIGERIAThe phrase money-laundering was not in the Nigerian dictionary, until in the 1980s which was when it was recognised and efforts were made to deal with the problem by the government. Therefore, there were decrees set by the government of Generals Muhammad Buhari, Ibrahim Babangida and Sani Abacha as heads of state and military president respectively, prohibiting activities related to money-laundering ( permutation Control (Anti Sabotage) Decree No 7 of 1984, discipline Drug Law Enforcement Agency Decree No 48 of 1989, now Caps No 29 Laws of the federation of Nigeria, 2004 Okogbule, 2007).1995 decree right one of the defects of these laws which limited the activities to Drug traffickers in order to avoid loop hole which gave way for the accused person to escape justice when the case is not drug trafficking (Adekunle, 1999 Okogbule, 2007). It was in this recognition of the defect or inadequacy of the previous Decrees to cover all the aspects of money laundering that gave birth to the enactment of the money-laundering (prohibition) Act, 2003 which covers everything relating to the offence. And after One year of its enactment it was amended through the money-laundering prohibition (Amendment) Act 2004, in order to give the agencies more power to institute an investigation and prosecute offenders (Okogbule, 2007).However, the amendment was based on two philosophies. Firstly, it was on the need to control the put of huge financial transactions in Nigeria, since the country is known as a cash society. In the amended Act, it states that no person or corporate body shall make or accept cash pay of sum exceeding N500, 000 or its equivalent in the case of individuals, while in the case of corpor ate bodies the amount is N2, 000,000, unless the transaction is done through a financial ecesis, the provision is design to enhance the monitoring capabilities of the regulatory institutions over huge financial transactions and encourage the use of financial institutions (Okogbule, 2007).However in the second philosophy in the act, it is a leading requiring disclosure of any financial transaction exceeding a certain(a) sum of money. function 2(1) of the Act, state that A transfer to or from a foreign country funds or protective covering exceeding the sum of $10,000 or its equivalent shall be describe to the central bank of Nigeria.And it bring forward say that a report should be made pursuant to the in a higher place provision to indicate the nature and amount of transfer, the names and addresses of the sender and recipient role of the funds or securities (Okogbule, 2007).MONEY LAUNDERING REFULATION IN RELATION TO INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIAThe money laundering (Prohibition) Ac t 2004, of Nigeria in particle 1 states that no person or corporate body shall, except through transactional institutions, make or accept deposit of a sum exceeding, A, for an individual the sum of N500, 000 or its equivalent in other currency and B, the sum of 2,000,000 for a corporate body, that anything above this should be made through the financial institution samewise for the individual costumer.In incision 2 of the prohibition of money laundering act states that any transaction from or to foreign country of funds or securities exceeding the sum of US $10,000 shall be reported to the central bank of Nigeria (in the act refer to exchange Bank) or security and exchange commission.Again in section 2 sub section 1, states that the report should indicate the nature and the amount of the transfer, the names and addresses of the sender and receivers of the funds or securities.CUSTOMER DUE DILLIGENCEHowever, it is provided in section 5(1) of the Act that before opening an account for or issuing passbook or even entering into any business relationship with a potential customer, the financial institution shall verify the customers individualism and address.For individual, he is required to provide proof of his identity by presenting to the financial institution a legal original copy of an official document bearing his names and photograph Secondly, he is to show proof of his address, by presenting to the financial institution the originals of receipts his/her utilities issued within the last three months by public institution (example, electricity or water bill).In the case of a body corporate, its proof of identity shall be provided by the presentation of its certificate of incorporation and other valid official documents attesting to the existence of the body corporate. Where a manager, employee, or assignee is delegated by a body corporate to open or operate an account, such a person shall in addition to the requirements specify for private individual s also show proof of a power of attorney granted to him for that purpose.One measurable provision in the Act designed to facilitate the detection of money laundering activities is section 6(1). It provides as followsWhen a financial institution is requested to stock up out a transaction, whether or not it relates to the laundering of the proceeds of a crime or an act, the financial institution shall seek cultivation from the customer as to the origin and the destination of the funds, the aim of the transaction and the identity of the beneficiary.In order to make this surveillance function more effective, financial institutions are required within seven years of the transaction to carry out the following actionsDraw up a scripted report containing all relevant information about the transaction as rise up as the identity of the principal and where applicable, those of the beneficiary.Take appropriate action to balk the laundering of the proceeds of a crime or an illegal Act. dis patch a copy of the report and action interpreted to the Central Bank, the Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or such other appropriate regulatory authority, as the case may be.Significantly, any financial institution which fails to keep up with the above provender is guilty of an offence and liable upon conviction to a fine of N1, 000,000 each day for as long as the offence continues.In order to emphasize the importance of records of transactions, it is provided that these records are to be kept and preserved for at least a period of 10 years, and that the records shall be communicated to the Central Bank, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), judicial authorities, Customs Officers, and such other persons as the Central Bank may from time to time specify.However, the needful disclosure requirement concerning financial transactions is contained in section 10 of the Act. It is to the effect that a financial institution or casino shall report to the Agenc y in writing, lodgement or transfer of funds in excess of One million (N1, 000,000) Naira or its equivalent in the case of an individual and Five million (N5, 000,000) Naira or its equivalent in the case of a body corporate. This report is to be submitted within seven days of any single transaction.And even an ordinary citizen other than a financial institution may voluntarily give information on any transaction, lodgement, or transfer of funds involving the amounts set out above. This ensures that even when a financial institution fails to report as required, information about the transaction still gets to the Agency (See Chukuemerie, 2004, Okogbule, 2007b).The intent of the provisions is to enable the Agency construe the origin of the funds and de circumstanceine whether to direct a stoppage of the transaction or not. This it can do when acknowledging receipt of such disclosure, report or information received in furtherance of the provisions. If the Agency is unable to retard t he origin of the funds within a period of 72 hours, it may make a request to the Federal High Court for an order that the funds, accounts, or securities referred to in the report be blocked, and an order made by the Court in pursuance of this provision shall be enforced forthwith.Section 9(1) of the Act provides that every financial institution shall develop programmes to combat the laundering of proceeds of a crime or other illegal act. These shall entangleThe designation of compliance officers at management level at its main office and at every branch and local officeRegular readiness programmes for its employeesThe centralization of the information collectedThe establishment of an internal audit unit to ensure compliance with and ensure the effectiveness of the measures taken to enforce the provisions of the ActIn order to ensure compliance with this provision, the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria is empowered to impose a penalty of not less than one million Naira on an y financial institution which fails to comply with the above provisions. And that makes it a very important provision since the threat of neighboring(a) sanction which could be suspension of the banks operating license can pay off compliance with the statutory provision.THE MONEY LAUNDERING OFFENCE IN NIGERIAThe unquestionable money laundering offences are provided for in sections 14 18 of the Act which also specify the penalties for such offences. Thus, section 14(1) provides as followsAny person whoconverts or transfers resources or property derived directly or indirectly from illicit traffic c in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances or any illegal act, with the aim of either concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the resources or property or aiding any person have-to doe with in the illicit traffic c in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances or any other crime or illegal act to evade the legal consequences of his action orcollaborates in concealing or disguis ing the genuine nature, origin, location disposition, movement or ownership of the resources, property or rights thereto derived directly or indirectly from illicit traffic c in narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances or any other crime or illegal act, commits an offence under this section and is liable on conviction to shackles for a term of not less than 2 years or more than 3 years.Significantly, a person who commits an offence under this subsection shall also be subject to the same penalty notwithstanding the fact that the various acts constituting the offence were affiliated in different countries or places. It is not demanding to ascertain the rule behind this provision since, very often money laundering entails the deputation of some of the acts in one country and the others in other countries. This brings to the fore the transnational nature of money laundering which has given rise to international concern for its regulation.Section 16 of the Act provides that any per son whoWhether by concealment, removal from jurisdiction, transfer to nominees or otherwise retains the proceeds of a crime or an illegal act on behalf of another person knowing or suspecting such other person to be engaged in a criminal conduct or has benefited from a criminal conduct orKnowing that any property either in whole or in part directly or indirectly represents another persons proceeds of a criminal conduct, acquires or uses that property or has possession of it, commits an offence under this Act and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for a term of not less than 5 years or to a fine equivalent to 5 times the value of the proceeds of the criminal conduct or to both such imprisonment and fine.It is difficult to fashion the rationale for this marked variation in the punishment specified under this section and that provided for in section 14 of the Act relating to the unquestionable conversion or transfer of funds from such criminal or illegal activities which is state d to be not more than three years. Although it may be said that the opportunity created by a willing receptacle could have emboldened the suspect and thus facilitated the commission of the offence, it is nevertheless incongruous to have such marked disparity in the punishment for both kinds of offences, when the level of moral reprehensibility is more for the actual converter or transferor of such illegal funds than the receiver.THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONEY LAUNDERING REGULATION IN NIGERIAThe government of former president Obasanjo, of Nigeria was able to start the fight against corruption and money laundering, by presenting the bill Money laundering (Prohibition) Act 2004, before the national assembly which was accented by the government and put into use instantly in order to fight the menace in the country.However, by the year 2006, the EFCC was able to secure the conviction of the former inspector general of police, Mr Tafa Balogun for several offence mostly on money laundering, b y showing that practise that no one is above the law in the country and it shows that it has the political will to tackle the canker worm of money laundering in all its ramifications (Okogbule, 2007, Chukwuemerie, 2006).Furthermore, within the first two years of creating the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission in Nigeria, they proved effective and were able to recovered sic more than $1.5bn (N203.5bn) of looted funds and arrested more than 200 people and out of the 200, 50 people were convicted and recovered $37.1M (N5bn) from import malpractices (Malgwi, 2004).Again the EFCC was able to secure a plea bargain with a former governor of Edo State of Nigeria, Mr Lucky Igbinedion, which in the agreement consented in refunding the sum of N500M stolen funds and forfeit some of his properties. It was not only Igbinedion that got the plea bargain, Mr Nwude, Mr DSP Alamieyeseigha former governor of Bayelsa State of Nigeria, also enjoy the gesture (Alli, 2008).However, recently the Chai rman of the financial crimes commission in Nigeria, admit that they are not fully enforcing the money laundering regulation in the country while hosting stock broking firms in her office. Waziri said the anti-graft agency would start the immediate enforcement of the provisions of the Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act 2004, and prosecute all stock broking firms that default in their obligation to the jealous transactions reports and currency transaction reports (Akinsunyi, 2009).Under Section 23 of the Money Laundering Act, firms carry on the business of investment and securities (this includes stock broking firms) are designated as financial institutions and there is an obligation on them to file with the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit all suspicious transactions, and file with the Nigerian Financial Intelligence Unit all currency transactions above N500, 000 for individuals and the N2 million for companies.But all that is done by stock broking firms in the country. And up t o extent a an investment firm took a loan of N90 Billion from a bank in order to manipulate the market, but that is between Bank and it is customer, but the utilization of the loan is different which is inverse to Section 20 of the BOFIA and the regulations of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and carries a jail term of between two and three years. It is also a breach of the Investment and Securities Act (see Thisday Newspaper, August, 2009).However, this bring us to the issue of reporting system adopted by the Financial Action Task Force and was even part of the Nigerian Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act 2004, which is in section 6 sub-section 1(a) that direct financial and non financial institutions to draw up a written report on any illegal transaction and submit within seven days to the relevant authorities. That means the Act, is not been followed by the Banks and stock broking firms.FACTORS FOR AND AGAINST MONEY LAUNDERING REGULATION IN NIGERIAThere is no uncertainness th at with the enactment of the Money Laundering Act 2004 the Nigerian Government has taken a bold step in its efforts to fight against money laundering in the country. However, it is effort and resourcefulness may not bear the required results if the well-known problems of enforcement of law in the country are not adequately addressed in the provisions.It is a common feature in Nigeria that individuals and institutions favour to subvert laid down rules rather than comply with them, for example the recent banks audit conducted by the new Central Bank Governor, it shows how reckless the banks are operating, given out a loan of N490 Billion without a collateral, which form part of analysis in given out to loan to any customer by a bank and is used to settle out the debt in case the loan goes bad, but they ignore that and give out the money without following the laid down rules. The assurance being that even when they fail to comply, officials from the regulatory institutions will always compromise their positions. This brings to the fore the popularity of corruption in the country as such officers are often colonised to overlook noncompliance with statutory provisions (Okogbule, 2007).In such situation, there is usually an unethical alliance between regulatory officers on the pass around and the defaulting financial institutions. Therefore, there will be inadequate or uneffective enforcement of the rules, to the detriment of the country.However, recently an upright officer (Barrister Abubakar Abba Umar) with the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) in Nigeria lost his life in the course of his duty. He was multiform in making the organisation a very sizeable place that it suppose to be, because to get a company registered in Nigeria, it might take you two to three months, but his coming within a day after full verification you can get your company registered. composition in course of investigation of certificate fraud in the organisation, he was forced to hand over some lawyers involve to EFCC for prosecution (see leaders newspaper, 2009), seeing all this thing happening nobody will like to give himself up in order to do a good job in fighting money laundering in Nigeria.According to Andrew (2004, pp 173), he argues that the Act is faithfully implemented by Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, the Central Bank of Nigeria, the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency and the look of Commerce, this relevant authorities are the ones in positions to see the implementation of the Act to the later. However, if they did not enforce the implementation concurrently together, there is every misfortune that the Act, will not be effective as it suppose to be in checkmating the money laundering activities in the country.There is also problem of regular monitoring of the activities of these financial institutions.Inspectorate and Compliance Officers are known to be lax in their monitoring of the operations of these institutions, due to the fact tha t they are conniving together to subvert the law regulating the institutions (see Okogbule, 2007).

Friday, March 29, 2019

The Rights Of Women In Afghanistan Sociology Essay

The Rights Of Wo custody In sheepskin coatiistan Sociology EssayMajority of sheepskin coatiistans nationalities profess Islam as their religion. Originally Islam religion get winds man motive more superior than women in every aspect of life. overdue to civilization across the world, Islam reformed and some of its doctrines were changes in favor of women. equating among shape-hearted beings was included in Islam, regarding men and women equal in heterogeneous ways. Since then Islam women acquired different rights that allow them to choose marriage partners, inherit, vote and realise among other rights. In afghanistan, women arrest experienced act self-control of such(prenominal) rights despite acceptance according to Islam doctrines (Mittra and Kunar 267). Fathers, husbands, brothers and government decrees argon some of the f deedors that block off women from enjoying their human rights in Afghanistan.Most of these restrictions were rampant during rule of Taliban wh o forced Afghan women to abandon their decent jobs such as teaching and remain inside or when come forthside they ought to be in a mans escort. Since 2001, a pertly era began with end of Taliban reign an improvement was recorded in regard to cultural and governmental position of women in Afghan. Human rights accepted on a lower floor Islam law, so far ar practiced in various separate of Afghan though in rural and remote atomic number 18as numerous an(prenominal) another(prenominal) community regard women unequal (Zama and Sifton 25). For instance, cases of forced marriages, death threats due education matters and denial of chance to participate or enjoy public life atomic number 18 recordable according to research. Inequality and repressiveness of women in Afghanistan batch be further be illustrated by statistics that show 75% of women argon forced into marriages, 87% of women are illiterate, 33% of women experience sexual force out or physical assault, in every 30 min utes death occurs in relation to pip-squeak birth and only 30% of misss price of admission education in Afghanistan. literary works look intoIntroductionAfghanistan remains one of many Islamic regions where women are denied their rights and freedom. Despite acceptance by Islam Laws and governmental regulations and policies to come to Afghan womans rights throughout in Afghanistan, many Islamic men withdraw continued to persecute women. Most of womens rights have been upheld following intense campaigns by human rights activities from Afghan and other drift of the world (Thomsen 227). Also government efforts have helped in promoting equality by criminalizing oppression of women despite their originality and religion. Most of these changes are focussed on matters that concern education, marriage and public life. In literature review section of this research, rights of Afghans woman in regard to freedom of live, dressing, education, marriage and observation will be discussed. Recommendations and conclusion will follow this discussion as part of this research work.Communication freedomCurrently, Afghanistan is under(a)going reconstruction after many years of war and reign of Taliban. During 1995-2001, Afghan remained under dictatorial lead by Taliban who encouraged oppression of women and girls through out Afghan. Talibans brutality was to fulfilment of denying women a chance to communicate with other women apart from family members. In to the highest degree cases, women remained locked in their houses with small dark windows so disallowing public intermingling. According to research, an Afghan woman could only walk to public with a company of a male counterpart who was supposed to be of the family (Osmaczyk and Mango 2708). These men act as a barrier to communion and information race among women and men in public. Information could only be acquired from husbands, brothers and fathers who also were women oppressors according to Talibans regulations . bumpy circumstances under which Afghani women lived in were not conducive for legal communication. Women associations that encourage information sharing in regard to social personal business are not allowed in most parts of Afghanistan. Information flow from one Woman to another is gruelling in such situations then hindering efficient communication. As much as right of building is among rights upheld by Afghan government, many women are denied such rights by men close in their lives.Womans opinion is regarded inferior and a chance to verbalise out is not availed to many women willing to do so. Rising of voices is make difficult due to widespread of discrimination against female sex in other major areas that contribute towards information flow. miss of education for girl-child is a major hindrance to free flow of information. Many Afghan women chamberpot only converse in their vernacular languages due to illiteracy (Mittra and Kunar 143). emergency of access to educati on continues to pin many women down in finis making even those concerning their own lease. omit of ideas coupled with fear is a key factor that makes Afghan women lag behind in acme their voices beyond their homestead.Freedom of communication by women is also prevented their deprivation of balloting freedom. Many women are hindered fro acquiring vote cards to prevent them from fetching part in political decisions. Instances of murder of electoral commissioners who tried to memorial women for voting processes show how far brutalism and discrimination against women has extended in Afghanistan (Thomsen 270). much(prenominal) situations block womens effort to communicate their views in regard to type of memorial tablet they want. Similarly, women candidates can not be enrolled easily for similar positions to those held by men due to repression in association to voting rights. Women representatives in other parts of the world represent other women opinions therefore ensuring p light of female sex activity is communicated to authorities. In Afghan such chances are not provided hence continued lack of communication freedom.Additionally, lack of media freedom is another obstacle that contributes to communication problems in Afghanistan. Widespread violence coupled with political wrangles in Afghanistan prevents media efforts in steering women in fighting for their rights by announceing out loud. For instance, many journalists have been killed including and others such as Kambakhsh imprisoned for exercising their twist rights (Afkhami 179). much(prenominal) situations leave women threatened and in fear of going against their male counterparts hence remain silent and oppressed. A country without freedom of expression by non-Taliban has efforts by women to communicate their views to governing bodies. Such strictness by rulers and men in the society has hindered efforts for free communication among women and men.This situation is changing as women with the s upport of their men, actively create awareness in regard to human equality across Afghanistan. Formation of RAWA in 1977 was an effort to eradicate violence against women and air their voices to the world. RAWA is an organization established by women and its goal is to promote Afghan women rights (Silkenat and Shulman 64). The organization major objective is to create awareness throughout Afghanistan concerning plight of girl-child and women. It also aims at reaching as many women as manageable by communicating benefits of treating women with equality. Organization airs womens voices through conferences, public campaigns, net income and demonstrations. RAWA efforts have been realized over the years though right of expression by Afghan women is yet to be gained fully.Freedom of women and girls livesSince the seizure of power by the Taliban in Afghanistan, over 9 million women and girls have been denied basal human rights. This government has imposed laws against women citing relig ious purity while in the real sense it is persecution against women. For instance, Afghan women are not allowed to either go to school or work away from home a move which has led to closure of several schools owing to shortage of teaching stave as prior to the invasion of the Taliban about 70% of the teaching fellowship comprised of women (Afkhami 201). Devastating effects have been advanced towards widowed women who were the only root word of livelihood for their families. In case women and girls want to leave their homes, then they mustiness be escorted by a male relative. A whole embody covering known as burqa must be worn. Instances of killings and beatings of the women have been witnessed due to failure of the women to be fully covered or escorted. particular(prenominal) aspects of life on which Afghan women are oppressed and to be discussed under this heading include education, marriage and dressing procreationA large-mouthed percentage of women in Afghanistan are illite rate due to banning of schooling for all women and successive wars in the nation had completely paralyzed the command system. During the reign of the Taliban, community schools were opened and ran by women where girls were taught literacy skills, numeracy skills and such like subjects as Biology, English, cooking, and knitting (Zama and Sifton 27). Unfortunately instances of torture and killings of women teachers by the Taliban were witnessed. After the overthrow of the Taliban administration, secure aid was advanced to the Karzai administration in order to restore the girl-child education. Lack of funding poses major setbacks to girl-child education with many girls opting to drop out as the facilities are not conducive. For instance, the learning facilities under unprotected structures like tents.Lack of women teachers means that majority of the girls do not attend school as their parents fail to place the care of the girls under men teachers. Since most of the girls schools wer e destroyed during the Taliban administration, girls and boys learn in the same facilities a move which has caused massive admonition specially from high ranking government officials (Thomsen 184). This largely translates to discrimination and lack of freedom. Several Afghanistan women have consistently risked their lives by running clandestine schools for the women population. From 2001, educational activity facilities have recorded increased numbers of female students though firm attacks by the Taliban as well as other forces present in the area continue to demean the progress achieved in the female Education sector. Cases girls dropping from schools before completing primary level education have been witnessed due to early marriages and family obligationsDressingThe Afghanistan women have continually suffered turmoil curiously in the type of dressing they are supposed to constantly wear. A specialty made traditional garment known as the burqa which covers the whole body wit h a small grind for seeing and eupneic must be worn by the women. The Burqa is extremely awkward especially during hot weather (Silkenat and Shulman 58). The excessive covering may breathe in illnesses such as asthma due to the discomfort of the dress as dust sticks thus enhancing dampness during breathing. The visibility of the wearer is largely limited as the size of the mesh opening does not provide adequate perceptibility. Afghanistan women adduce that when they are wearing the burqa, total invisibility is exuded. It is impossible to know the kind of emotion displayed by a woman during normal conversation.MarriageIn this patriarchal society, decisions are largely made by men fraternity. Women do not have the freedom to choose their marriage partners. Arranged marriages are largely advanced in this country based on economical and political reasons. Instances of girls being engaged before they are born are widespread (Zama and Sifton 54). The authority of who should marry a g irl lies with the father who can opt to wed his daughter to a person who may be very old but rich. In areas badly hit by poverty, girls are sold off or exchanged for meals. Women are handle as properties as once the marriage contract is signed the girl cannot marry another man. In case she dies a suitable shift must be offered. Violent cases have resulted when multiple betrothing is done so as to collect dowry from several men. Dowry payment is regarded as compensation for the care and upbringing of the bride. A married Afghanistan woman is controlled by the mother-in-law who makes such critical decisions on her behalf as whether to attend hospital or not and the activities to undertake (Thomsen 130). Women do not receive custody of children in case of a divorce. Though obtaining a divorce is largely difficult for women who are in abusive marriages, the divorced Afghanistan women are regarded as outcasts especially due to the Islamic beliefs and traditions.RecommendationsAfghan wo men should fight for a chance to speak out and join others international women who are fighting against women oppression. By communicating their views to their spouses, brothers and the public will be a major start footmark towards their social life improvement. Freedom of expression is known as an effective tool for resistance against practices that oppress women. Lack of such freedom, means Afghan women may continue to tolerate discrimination by men under religious grounds which are used for personal political benefit. kind oppression can be overcome through speaking out in any context cultural, political or religious. Granting of women rights in education, work , leadership and other roles in public life come as a primarily result of women expression against discrimination. Opening of communication impart in Afghanistan is a basic step in eliminating injustices that surround lives of many women and girls.Of importance is the right to vote, that has been used by many countries in delimit future of women in those countries. I recommend Afghan women to retain and hold their rights to vote intelligently as it is part of decision making. Through voting women elect leaders in support of their rights therefore acquiring access to equal opportunities similar to those awarded to men. Continued efforts by women by speaking out, eventually leads to liberation of girls and women from oppressive societal rules. Again, society starts to appreciate need to uphold plight of women and girls hence creating a balanced society that pays attention to twain genders. internationalist community should offer greater support to women organizations working with nonage women at the grass roots. Awareness creations through educational programs are immanent effort towards liberation of Afghan women from social, cultural, religious and political injustices in Afghanistan. International support through funding and enlightenment of few educated afghan women should be upheld as away of developing strong women leaders in Afghanistan.ConclusionIn conclusion, Afghanistan is a region known for oppression of women and girls in various aspects of life. Existence of connection between Islam and governance of Afghans facilitates dehumanization among Afghan women. Most life rights and expression freedom are denied to female gender despite acceptance by Islam doctrines. Afghan constitutional rights are not upheld due lack of commitment by authorities concerned and political instabilities hence impacting on women by denying them their legal and human rights. International interference has calmed Afghanistan human situation but majority of Afghan women and girls remain discriminated and repressed.Work-citedAfkhami, Mahnaz. doctrine and freedom womens human rights in the Muslim world. Syracuse, NY Syracuse University Press, 1995.Mittra, Sangh and Kunar, Bachchan. Encyclopaedia of Women in South Asia Afghanistan. New Delhi, India Gyan Publishing House, 2004Osmaczyk, Edmun d and Mango, Anthony. Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements T to Z. London, UK Taylor Francis Press, 2003Silkenat, James and Shulman, Mark. The imperial presidency and the consequences of 9/11 lawyers react to the international war on terrorism. Westport, U.S.A Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007Thomsen, Natasha. Womens rights. New York. U.S.A Facts On File publisher, 2007Zama, Coursen-Neff and Sifton, John. We want to live as humans repression of women and girls in western Afghanistan. Washington, D.C Human Rights Watch, 2002

An Overview Of Ambulatory Surgery Centers Nursing Essay

An Overview Of ambulant mathematical parade Centers Nursing EssayAn ambulant per make waterance gist is indication to the mathematical operation that conducted without the pauperisation for over dark infirmary bank check. This term also know as out long-suffering role cognitive operation or resembling day operating theater. This operation in general not type of abstruse surgical procedure, it is simpler than the hotshot which requiring hospitalization. This kind of ambulant cognitive operation is widely utilize in present judgment of conviction, where the make up of such mental performance is low, simple and required less(prenominal) resources where for the in persevering it is prerequisite to agree the longanimous in the hospital that mean reserve bed for that enduring in the hospital 1. Another definition weed be used here, that ambulant cognitive operation is the per pull inance of planned surgical procedure with the patient being discharged on t he uniform day 2.The ambulant mathematical operation first found in 1909 by James Nicoll, a Scotch surgeon, it was called by day caseful mathematical process. In 1912 Ralph Walter in the ground forces choose this operating room type in the the States. It was unpopular until the 1960s and 1970s when the tralatitious surgeries became a bottleneck for to the juicyest degree of the regular armys Hospitals, where keeping the patient on memory list and admitted them in the hospital became more than(prenominal) expensive, in addition the approachability of beds dropd. Walter Reed introduced the ambulant procedure to USAs hospital, since and so patient manages reformd betaly and rapidly with ensuring the patients fitness after discharge 2. ambulatory mental process form about 90% of all operating room performed nowadays in Canada and USA 6. The day cognitive operation rump achieve high level of caliber, be effective and safe which lead to high level of patient en joyment 6. University of California at Los Angeles developed a hospital ground on ambulatory operating theatre building block in 1962, then other social unit of measurements in the USA were opened in 1966 At Gorge Washington university, until spirit-size bend of ambulatory surgery is opened now in the USA and Canada 7.Several associations farmd to developed a strategies and plans to hook up with and improve the ambulatory surgery, one of these association is the Federated Ambulatory Surgery Association (FASA), this association founded in the USA since 1974, another 12 national association formed and sound member of the International Association for Ambulatory Surgery (IAAS) 8The advantages from ambulatory surgery ashes ar varied in type, some of these advantages related to patient and their family and some related to the hospitals and the healthassist system as whole. Those advantages for the patient that they transmit receive more attention from the health alimony team, because the ambulatory surgery designed to serve that patient 9. The ambulatory patient pass on return briny office(a) after receiving the handling, so it is better to well manage the day surgery units and depart the patient with treatment which allowed them to continue recovering at their family home environment. Small mistakes that could happen for inpatient provide not occur to the ambulatory surgery patient, like missing drug or shot or chip in unalike medicine for patient, because in the ambulatory surgery patient is always having e actuallything in plan and no mistakes at that place 10.Day surgery is better for children than inpatient surgery where the children testament not be apart(p) from their family for long sentence. The children will be less stressful and feel more comfortable because they tummy join back their family after that surgery nail 11. In the European Charter of Childrens Rights states that children should be admitted to hospital only if the care they require quite a littlenot be equally well provided at home or on a day basis 12.Other main pregnant advantage is that scheduling for ambulatory surgery is much easier and less complicated for registration. Furthermore the day surgery will not be cancelled because an collar admission likes what happen to inpatient surgery. The recovery design for ambulatory surgery patient is loyaler than inpatient, this allowing to patient to return to the regular life sooner 13.For the hospital the win is more in way of commission way where the efficient for providing surgery and the flow is less risky where everything is plan and prepared without facing cancelation, this offer more utilization for the facility and resources and give the patient more reserve choice 14. any healthcare organizations are having problem with budgets and limit funds and the patient demand also change magnitude at the similar epoch, the new treatment way for making same day surgery operation is cutting down the equal and inflict the demand for saving beds and resources for inpatient who delay their surgery to place succession the ambulatory surgery patient receiving high quality and effective treatment those inpatient having shortage sometimes because limitation and long scheduling 8.(b) treat their evolution in the United State.The first found of ambulatory surgery was between 1864 and 1921 by James Nicoll while his working in dour Childrens Hospital and Dispensary in Glasgow, Scotland. Most of his operation was on special human body like phimosis, mastoid disease, cleft palate and spina bifida that all were done in daily basis, where the children received treatment within the same day. James Nicoll describe that 8988 paediatric cases were success in 1909 2.Since that time to 1948 nothing changed and the ambulatory surgery did not change in the way to adopting it, in 1984 British medical Journal reported that surgeon allows a patient to leave hospital within 14 days of an intestinal operation 15. The idea was adopt by different surgery around the world but no(prenominal) designed a unit for ambulatory surgery, until 1962 when a hospital haoma a unit at the University of California at Los Angeles, USA found on Nicolls concept 16. Another unit opened within USA at George Washington University in 1966, after that in 1968 another unit designed in Providence, Rhode Island 17. Reed and Ford both opened their Surgicenter in Phoenix, Arizona in 1969 it was the first similar idea to what Nicolls units was 7.In period between 1970s and 1980s a large subprogram of day units opened in Canada, the USA, the UK and Australia and started reporting in medical journals the benefits of having day surgery and the procedures and the way of adopting them. The learn elements of those publications were the quality, court effectiveness and safety of these ambulatory surgeries, and they make in different places like Orkand Corporation in the USA, the Royal C ollege of Surgeons of England and the canvas Commission in the UK and the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons of Australia 18-22.Different association started to form in order to organize the work of ambulatory surgery units and comport the new technique and methods to other units and maximize the benefit of having ambulatory unit attached to the hospital and separate surgery unit. Their Main goal is to uphold quality standard expansion, education and research in the field of ambulatory surgery centers. The first foundation was the Society for the Advancement of Freestanding Ambulatory Surgery Centers (FASC) which now known as Federated Ambulatory Surgery Association (FASA), that association founded in the USA in 1974. Another 12 American association decided to form in 1995, and all require members of the International Association of Ambulatory Surgery Centers (IAAS) 8.(c). How do ambulatory surgery centers influence healthcare delivery?In healthcare delivery system it is de finitive to provide the patient with the appropriate treatment according to his/her case with high quality and effectively. The inpatient facing some difficulties in booking a date and time for his/her surgery and sometime they request to wedge in the hospital for recovery, this add of adulterate on the hospital whitethorn lead to some mistake in healthcare delivery process where mostly happened in medication is.This scenario cost the hospital a serve up of resources and dollars in order to fixing them, this misleading in manage the inpatient, most likely, not found in ambulatory surgery patient. The amount of accuracy the treatment deliver is high, moreover the quality and efficiency also acceptable. match to the nurse who their ages averages between 41 year in the UK and 45 in the USA, the ambulatory surgery unit is more attractive to them, where they need more time to spent with their family and the needs for pass and overnight will decreasing. With frosty schedules for s urgery in ambulatory surgery unit it gives the opportunity for nursing to work overtime with more efficiency and effectiveness. The efficiency of nurses in surgery is substantial where it cannot reach the highest value in the normal inpatient surgery which may be taken over night or weekend. 8. consort to the cost of inpatient surgery compared to the ambulatory surgery it can be significantly different, unremarkably for inpatient surgery reserving bed for patient is important without knowing the period of time that patient need for recovery and weekend and night staff is necessary, these two facts added cost to the hospital where if it is ambulatory surgery the need for hospitalization time will be trim back and night/weekend staff is not required. In the ambulatory surgery units the time and staff are used more intensively and effectively. The average unit cost savings of between 10% and 70% is documented in case of having ambulatory surgery rather than inpatient surgery 8, 18 . The service of patient throughput is one of the advantages of having day surgery unit 14, another benefit is to provide an enhanced patient service in a cost effective manner 8.For Children most cases are performed in ambulatory surgery unit, it is rule, unless it is necessary to consider them as inpatient. This will reduce the stress on the patient and their parents also elder people will recover fast in their home after having one day treatment in the hospital. The way of deliver the treatment in that way will improve the patient contentment and improve the efficiency of the healthcare 12.If we consider the select of patient turnaround time and length of flummox, these two measurements are proficient indicator of how effective is the healthcare treatment was, less length of stay is the case where we confuse ambulatory surgery unit working and the capture is to reduce the time that spend between starting the triage until the patient discharge. The quality of treatment is a lso a case where we need to consider less variability of process and high patient satisfaction, less autonomy is the primeval point in the ambulatory surgery units where everything is schedule and designed in way to have best treatment without mistakes.The load inside the hospital to reserve beds and prepare the beds, is major problem in present time where the demand is increased, the ambulatory surgery unit has fixed amount of resources and can server special cases (minor surgery) more efficient and effective.Inpatient surgery may facing a case where their scheduled surgery may canceled because emergency case come, the other cases can also be seen where the operation is canceled because overleap of resources. Either case cannot be found in the ambulatory surgery units. All these leads to better quality, resources effective, cost effective, more satisfaction, time utilization and decrease the demands.(d). Describe the factors that impact the establishment of an ambulatory surgery center.Two main factors should be considered in order to establish a successful ambulatory surgery unitIt mustiness provide operative service of high standards of quality and safety at least equal to those of inpatient care.It must be both patient and cost efficient such that it provide high levels of patient satisfaction and is financially sustainable. 8The ambulatory surgery centers usually formed from different facilities in the hospital, each facility has it unique lineament and because of this uniqueness the ambulatory surgery units has to fulfilled these need. In general there are four categories of facilityHospital integrated facility in this type of facility the patients of ambulatory surgery are treated in partial or total through the inpatient units.Self-contained unit on hospital site in such units the ambulatory surgery is performed in separate units, units build only for one day surgery and they are total separate from inpatient units.Freestanding self-contained units those units note like the units which existed in the hospital.Physicians office-based unit this is a limited resource units it can operate small surgery.Several criterions can be used in designing the ambulatory surgery centers one of these criterions is the surgical, there is wide regulate of procedures followed the surgery and attached to the operation. The resources needed and space for this kind of surgery is important factor effect establishing ambulatory surgery centers 8.Other criterion is social, it is important criteria because the patient discharge to the environment, the social should be prepared for receiving patient and provides him/her with the capable resources for recovering, and most of the cases the nurses asked the ambulatory surgery patient to keep the center updated to his/her attitude 8.The patient age is another criterion affected the establishment of ambulatory surgery center, two ages vomit can benefits from ambulatory surgery centers the children and thorough ages 23. Type of patient is also another factor, which patient is appropriate to considered as ambulatory surgery patient, if the patients need more attention they should be admitted as inpatient.(e). What are the challenges that hospitals face while implementing an ambulatory surgery center? interest (very briefly) describe them.As the demand on the ambulatory surgery increase it is become necessary to discuss the challenges that facing the hospitals while implementing an ambulatory surgery center. It is important to identify these challenges and trying to control them to keep the quality and performance level high in the ambulatory surgery centers.Patient satisfaction is one of these difficulties that challenging the hospital to implementing the ambulatory surgery, it is impenetrable to measure this amount of satisfaction and there is no certain baseline for this measure, but in general the patient is satisfied as long as that process goes as his/her expectation, which vary from patient to another according to their background and educations 24.The productivity in the ambulatory surgery units can be measured victimisation five types indicators 26Labor because the nature of work in health care is based on labor, then the outcomes commonly represent service, with labor as input to the system the outcome could be clinic visits.Supplies the output from this could be ambulatory surgery procedures.Equipment Diagnostic tests are one of the possible outcomes.Facilities that leads to home health and visits.Capital Physical therapy treatments.One of the challenging is the ensuring employee motivation, with the amount of work they have in ambulatory surgery units the employee performance can be reduced by time, then the quality will be reduced because the employee is the key element here. In order to keep the employee as good as they could be, then one suggestion can be applying a Japanese management techniques happy employee is a productive employee. Thi s idea has been discussed by Tabatabai in 1983 27. Another important terms is the motivation, the managers should provide the ambulatory surgery centers with a staff which motivate the employee during their works in that health care centers 26. better the productivity of employee will not be separate from keeping the same level of quality or improving it, that is one of the challenges that facing the ambulatory surgery centers now days. The quality in the ambulatory surgery units should be taken from nodes perspective, here the customers are both patient and physician for exemplification the waiting time from customers point of view is important and that duration should be very low.Scheduling is one of the problems in ambulatory surgery centers. All of the participants in health care (Patient, physician, and employee) should be prepared at the same time and processing the health care for same period of time, that is hard part to ensure the that load is distributed along the day, f or some cases the maximum load at the morning and noon, but at midnight the load is less. Some plan and system engineering tools and techniques are recyclable to solve this problem 26.The tally of outpatient and the patient in ambulatory is growing rapidly the managers should manage the growing without direct them to another hospital or clinic is important system need very good management skills. That is one of difficulties that facing the ambulatory surgery centers. The challenging can be summarized as followScheduling which can be happened because the numbers of patient is growing so fast and the need for good scheduling.Motivation the employee performance is reducing while the number of patient is increasing and in the nearly future the needs for new strategy to motivate the employee.Patient satisfaction with the number of patient increasing the number of different type of surgery in ambulatory surgery will increase. The need to standardized the procedure is growing.(f).Brie fly illustrate the role of Industrial and Systems engineering or Operations Management tools such as total quality management, process mapping, scheduling, etc., in establishing an effective and efficient ambulatory surgery center using at least two case studies or applications based on the literature.In the ambulatory surgery center the quality is essential rule to keep the performance and outcomes at acceptable level, also customer satisfaction is important in way to provide him/her with the wide range of treatment they required. At this step a continuous improvement and evaluation tools are the key element for ambulatory surgery centers to survive. A theater of operations suggested having a clinical indicators and acceptable thresholds that are relevant to daily practice, that will lead to easy measured and analyze the process parameters 25.Modeling and cloak tool is good in way to provide the managers and the leader of ambulatory surgery units with virtual units where they ca n check the effect of increasing the demand on this type of surgery, where the most of hospital are looking to excise their minors surgery to be done in separate units and leave the operation theater for the cases which need high attention and care.Enterprise-management tools, other useful tools to manage the ambulatory surgery units the idea is that units need to be managed as subsystem of the biggest system (Hospital). The interaction between hospital and ambulatory surgery units can provide these units and hospital with large amount of information of different cases and indication that comes daily to the ambulatory surgery units and emergency department. In general industrial and system engineering tools can help the ambulatory surgery centers in different way, decrease the cost by decreasing the length of stay for patient because most of the cases in the day surgery unit is normal and repeatable surgery (most of them are easy not complicated surgery) then the procedure can be standardized, this standardization will reduce the cost by removing the unnecessary process from the units. It is know that the nature of hospital is not same and there is high level of variation between different cases, this problem can be reduced in the ambulatory surgery centers.Any engineering and system tools or techniques can be very useful in ambulatory surgery centers, in mean of the capabilities of providing the patient with excellent treatment within short period of time, both will result to patient satisfaction and improving the patient recovery time after leaving the ambulatory surgery centers, and also reduce the cost on ambulatory surgery center by reducing the number of employee and resources needed, because the good engineering tools mean less waste and more expeditiously for both employee and resources. It can be summarized into following pointsDecreased salaries expense by reducing the staffing requirements.Greater patient satisfaction through reduced waiting times .Increases employee satisfaction because workload is evenly distributed and activity levels do not create a hurry up and wait environment.Increases physician satisfaction because operations are more efficient and patients are more satisfied.