Hardness of Water

INTRODUCTION WHAT IS HARDNESS OF WATERIt is when urine passes through or over deposit much(prenominal) as limestone the aim of Caand Mgand HCO ions present in the pee tidy sum greatly increase and cause the water to be classified as sonorous water. This term results from the fact that cation and magnesium ions in water combine with strap molecules, making it hard to get suds. High level of water ion such as Ca and Mgcan cause scaly deposits in plumbing appliances & boilers.These two ions also combine chemic totallyy with soap molecules resulting in decreased cleansing. The American water works Association indicates that the ideal bore water should not contain more than 80mg/l of total ruggedness as CaCO. High levels of total hardship are not considered a health concern. There are two types of HardnessTemporary hardness this is due to the presence of bicorbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed(p) by boiling. Permanent hardness this is due to the presen ce of chlorides & sulphate of calcium & magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.MOTIVATIONI was bothered that the water in Ilara community doesnt combine easily with soap guide to excessive consumption of WATER.ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCEScales are formed as interior(a) coating of the pipelines prevents corrosion Absolute soft waters are acerbic and dissolve metalsMore causes of cardio vascular diseases are reported in soft water areas Hard water is useful to growth of children due to the presence of calcium Hard water cause excessive consumption of soap use for cleaning purpose, sodium soaps react with multivalent metallic cations to form a precipitate, thereby lose their surfactant properties. Lathering doesnt take place until all hardness ions precipitate out.APPARATUS Conical Flask 250ml Burette with retort nominate Beaker Wash bottles Standard flask PipettesMETHOD Simple titration methodREAGENTS Ammonium chloride Ammonium hydroxide Ilara-Mokin water HO Magnesium sulphate Erichrome black T EDTA (Disodium salt).PREPARATION OF REAGENTS 1. Standard resolvent of EDTAThe usual reagent is the disodium salt, which is a dehydrate, Mr=372.24 it is available in sufficiently pure form to be used as a base standard for most purposes. If necessary, it may be dried at 80 for four days to remove a small percentage of water that may have been absorbed. The solution should be stored in plastic containers preferably than frappe bottles. The solution is stable but if stored in glass bottles (particularly if the glass is new), the concentration of a dilute solution will decrease appreciably with time as metal ions are extracted out of the glass. To prepare 2 1 of the reagent, dissolve 7.44g of the salt in enough deionized water to gather in exactly 2 1 of solution. 2. Buffer solution(pH 10)Add 17.5g of ammonium chloride to 142cm of ammonium chloride to 142cm of 0.88 ammonia solution and make up to 250cm with deionized water. 3. Eriochrome Black T indicatorThis indicator can be purchased as a powder. The solid is hygroscopic, and so must be stored in a tightly stoppered container.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (testing of the Ilara-mokin water) We Pipetted 200ml of the water try on and transfer it to a clean 250ml conical flask. We Added 2ml of Ammonia buffer solution to the water warning so that the pH will be hold between 9 & 10. We added few drops of EBT indicator to the conical flask and the ensample turns to wine red in color. Before we started the titration we rinsed the buret with few ml of EDTA accordingly Filled the buret with 0.02m EDTA solution & adjusted to zero then fixed it in retort stand. We titrated the sample against the EDTA solution in the burette till all calcium and magnesium ions present in the sample reacted with the EDTA.The appearance of blue color indicated that all Ca and Mg ions were labyrinthian with EDTA and forms a metal EDTA complex. i.e. the end point of the titration We Noted down the buret te reading and repeated titration two more times.RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENTSAMPLE A FINAL READINNGS 1.50 1.40 1.40 initial READINGS 0.00 0.00 0.00 titer VALUES 1.50 1.40 1.40Average titre value= 1.50 +1.40+1.40 =4.3 3 3=1.43cm=1.43 x 20= 28.6 cmSAMPLE B FINAL READINGS 2.90 3.10 2.90 INITIAL READINGS 0.00 0.00 0.00 TITRE VALUES 2.90 3.10 2.90Average titre value=2.90+3.10+2.90 = 8.90 3 3=2.97cm=2.97 x 20= 59.4cm